Unit 1 - Intro / Physical-Chemical Changes

Introduction:

Unit 1 serves as an introduction into the science of chemistry and the lead-in to the science. Half of this chapter will be spent studying the branches of chemistry, an introduction to the laboratory and laboratory safety and the scientific method. The second part of this chapter will focus on states of matter and physical vs. chemical changes.

Extra Part 1

MAIN IDEA – Chemistry is the study of everything around us.

a. Chemistry is the study of matter.

b. Chemicals are also known as substances.

c. Ozone is a substance that forms a protective layer in Earth’s atmosphere.

d. CFCs are synthetic substances made of chlorine, fluorine and carbon that are thinning the ozone layer.

Extra Part 2

MAIN IDEA – Branches of chemistry involve the study of different kinds of matter.

a. Models are tools that scientists, including chemists, use.

b. Macroscopic observations of matter reflect the actions of atoms on a submicroscopic scale.

c. There are several branches of chemistry, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry and biochemistry.

Extra Part 3

MAIN IDEA – Scientists use scientific methods to systematically pose and test solutions to questions and assess the results of those tests.

a. Scientific methods are systematic approaches to problem solving.

b. Qualitative data describe an observation; Quantitative data use numbers.

c. Independent variables are changed in an experiment. Dependent variables change in response to the independent variable.

d. A theory is the hypothesis that is supported by many experiments.

Extra Part 4

MAIN IDEA – Some scientific investigations result in the development of technology that can improve our lives and the world around us.

a. Scientific methods can be used in pure research or in applied research.

b. Some scientific discoveries are accidental, and some are the result of diligent research in response to a need.

c. Laboratory safety is the responsibility of everyone in the laboratory.

d. Many of the conveniences we enjoy today are technological applications of chemistry.

1.1

a. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

b. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition or is used or produced in a chemical process.

c. Basic research is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. Applied research is carried out to solve practical problems. Technological development involves the use of existing knowledge to make life easier or more convenient.

1.2

a. All matter has mass and takes up space. Mass is one measure of the amount of matter.

b. Chemical properties refer to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that alter its composition and identity.

c. An element is composed of one kind of atom. Compounds are made from two or more elements in fixed proportions.

d. All substances have characteristic properties that enable chemists to tell the substances apart and to separate the substances.

e. Physical changes do not involve changes in identity of a substance.

f. The three major states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Changes of state, such as melting and boiling, are physical changes.

g. In a chemical change—or a chemical reaction—the identity of the substance changes.

h. Energy changes accompany physical and chemical changes. Energy may be released or absorbed, but it is neither created nor destroyed.

i. Matter can be classified into mixtures and pure substances.

1.3

a. Each element has a unique symbol. The periodic table shows the elements organized by their chemical properties. Columns on the table represent groups or families of elements that have similar chemical properties. Properties vary across the rows, or periods.

b. The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids and noble gases. These classes occupy different areas of the periodic table. Metals tend to be shiny, metallic and ductile and tend to be good conductors. Nonmetals tend to be brittle and tend to be poor conductors.

Ohio Department of Education - Chemistry Standards:

In earlier grades, properties of materials were quantified with measurements that were always associated with some error. In this course, scientific protocols for quantifying the properties of matter accurately and precisely are studied. Using metric measuring systems, significant digits or figures, scientific notation, error analysis and dimensional analysis are vital to scientific communication.

There are three domains of magnitude in size and time: the macroscopic (human) domain, the cosmic domain and the submicroscopic (atomic and subatomic) domain. Measurements in the cosmic domain and submicroscopic domains require complex instruments and/or procedures.Matter can be quantified in a way that macroscopic properties such as mass can reflect the number of particles present. Elemental samples are a mixture of several isotopes with different masses.

In earlier grades, properties of materials were quantified with measurements that were always associated with some error. In this course, scientific protocols for quantifying the properties of matter accurately and precisely are studied. Using metric measuring systems, significant digits or figures, scientific notation, error analysis and dimensional analysis are vital to scientific communication.

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