Anti-metastatic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors was rarely evaluated in preclinical studies, limiting direct comparison with clinical outcomes!

In this review (Cancers, 2026), we summarized the clinical outcomes of anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4 therapies in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (Table 1). We also extracted data from > 30 studies and summarized the preclinical efficacy of these antibodies, either as monotherapies or in combination with chemotherapy, across breast cancer models including syngeneic models, cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models, and genetically engineered mouse models (Table 2).