With Douglas R. Rice and Tatishe M. Nteta. Xenophobia in Congress: Tracking Party Polarization and Republican Radicalization in Congressional Speech, 1966-2022.
In this paper, we use large language models to code more than 60,000 speeches in the Congressional Record between 1966 and 2022 for xenophobia and trace the evolution of party differences in the expression of xenophobia over time.