1. Introduction

Scientists want to understand the history of the natural world and how the natural world works. The scientists try to gather knowledge through observation of natural phenomena or by doing experiments. We call this primary research.

Some examples of science through observation of natural phenomena:

• An ecologist observing the territorial behaviors of bluebirds.
• A geologist examining the distribution of fossils in an outcrop.
• An astrophysicist photographing distant galaxies.
• A climatologist analyzing data from weather balloons.

Some examples of science through experimentation:

• A chemist observing the rates of one chemical reaction at a variety of temperatures.
• A nuclear physicist recording the results of bombardment of a particular kind of matter with neutrons.
• A biologist observing the reaction of a lab rat to various stimulants.

Scientists who work in applied research look for the practical application of the knowledge found in primary research.

Examples of applied research:

• Improve ballistic materials for bulletproof vests.
• Increase fuel efficiency of jet engines.
• Improve the energy efficiency of houses.
• Cultivate tomato plants that grow in salt water.
• Create a new plastic that changes color at with temperature.