Study 220 Nouns to have good knowledge in Sanskrit.
ಕನಿಷ್ಠ ೨೨೦ ಶಬ್ದಗಳನ್ನು ಹೀಗೆಯೇ ಕಲಿಯಿರಿ.
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* How to use Nouns in Sanskrit ?
* ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಬ್ದರೂಪಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು ?
१. रामः वनं गच्छति । Rama goes to forest. ರಾಮನು ಕಾಡಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.
बालः फलं खादति । Boy eats a fruit. ಹುಡುಗನು ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ತಿನ್ನುತ್ತಾನೆ.
१.१. हे राम, मां पाहि । Oh Rama, Protect me. ಎಲೆ ರಾಮನೇ ! ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾಡು.
हे बाल ! अत्र आगच्छ । Oh Boy ! come here. ಎಲೆ ಹುಡುಗನೇ ! ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾ.
२. अहं रामं प्रार्थये । I pray Rama. or I request Rama. ನಾನು ರಾಮನನ್ನು ಬೇಡುತ್ತೇನೆ.
अहं बालं पृच्छामि । I ask boy. ನಾನು ಹುಡುಗನನ್ನು ಕೇಳುತ್ತೇನೆ.
३. लक्ष्मणः रामेण सह भवति । Lakshmana is with Rama. ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಣನು ರಾಮನ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಇರುತ್ತಾನೆ.
अहं बालेन सह क्रीडामि । I play with boy. ನಾನು ಹುಡುಗನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಆಟವಾಡುತ್ತೇನೆ.
४. सा रामाय फलं ददाति । She gives a fruit to Rama. ಅವಳು ರಾಮನಿಗೆ ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
माता बालाय धनं ददाति । Mother gives money to a boy.
ತಾಯಿಯು ಹುಡುಗನಿಗೆ ಹಣವನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
५. ते रामात् दूरं न गच्छन्ति । They don't go away from Rama.
ಅವರು ರಾಮನಿಂದ ದೂರ ಹೋಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
गुरुः बालात् पुस्तकं स्वीकरोति । Teacher takes book from boy.
ಗುರುವು ಹುಡುಗನಿಂದ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾನೆ.
अहं ग्रामात् आगच्छामि । I come from village. ನಾನು ಊರಿನಿಂದ ಬರುತ್ತೇನೆ.
सा ज्वरात् अत्र न आगतवती । She did not come here because of fever. (by the reason of fever).
ಅವಳು ಜ್ವರದ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದಿಲ್ಲ.
६. रामस्य गृहम् । House of Rama. ರಾಮನ ಮನೆ.
इदं बालस्य पुस्तकम् (अस्ति) । This is book of boy. ಇದು ಹುಡುಗನ ಪುಸ್ತಕ (ಆಗಿದೆ).
७. रामे धनम् अस्ति । Money is in Raama.[ Raama has money]. ರಾಮನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಣವು ಇದೆ.
बाले ज्ञानम् अस्ति । Knowledge is in boy.(Boy has knowledge). ಹುಡುಗನಲ್ಲಿ ಜ್ಞಾನವು ಇದೆ.
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Notes For Cases : (Different types of usage)
Nominative Case :
* Nominative case is used for subject in active voice.
रामः पाठम् पठति । Raama is reading lesson. ರಾಮನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
बालः शालाम् गच्छति । Boy goes to school / Boy is going to school.
ಹುಡುಗನು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.
* Nominative case is used for object in passive voice.
रामः मया दृश्यते । Raama is seen by me. ರಾಮನು ನನ್ನಿಂದ ನೋಡಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾನೆ.
गुरुणा बालः आहूतः । Boy is called by teacher. ಗುರುವಿನಿಂದ ಹುಡುಗನು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು.
Vocative Case : Vocative case is used to call a person.
हे राम ! अत्र आगच्छ । Hello Raama ! come here. ಎಲೆ ರಾಮನೇ ! ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾ.
भो राम ! माम् पाहि । Oh Raama ! protect me. ಎಲೆ ರಾಮನೇ ! ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾಡು.
Accusative Case :
* Accusative case or objective case is used for object in active voice.
रामः पाठम् पठति । Raama is reading lesson. ರಾಮನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
अहम् रामम् आकारयामि । I call Raama / I am calling Raama.
ನಾನು ರಾಮನನ್ನು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
* Accusative case is used with some indeclinables.
रामम् विना अहम् न गच्छामि । I don’t go without Raama. ರಾಮನಿಲ್ಲದೆ ನಾನು ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
बालः शालाम् प्रति गच्छति । Boy goes to school.
ಹುಡುಗನು ಶಾಲೆಗೆ (ಶಾಲೆಯನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು) ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.
Instrumental Case : Instrumental case is used for instrument.
रामः दण्डेन ताडयति । Raama beats by a stick. ರಾಮನು ದೊಣ್ಣೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ.
अहम् लेखन्या लिखामि । I write by a pen. ನಾನು ಕಲಮಿನಿಂದ (ಪೆನ್ನಿನಿಂದ) ಬರೆಯುತ್ತೇನೆ.
* Instrumental case is used for subject in passive voice.
रामेण पाठः पठ्यते (paThyate) । Lesson is read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ.
रामेण रावणः हतः । Raavana was killed by Raama. ರಾಮನಿಂದ ರಾವಣನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು.
* Instrumental case is used with some indeclinables.
अहम् रामेण सह गच्छामि । I am going with Raama. ನಾನು ರಾಮನ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ.
रामेण विना अहम् न गच्छामि । I don’t go without Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಲ್ಲದೆ ನಾನು ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
Dative Case : Dative case is used for receiver.
अहम् रामाय पुस्तकम् ददामि । I give a book to Raama (for Raama).
ನಾನು ರಾಮನಿಗೆ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತೇನೆ.
सा बालेभ्यः फलानि ददाति । She gives friuts to boys.
ಅವಳು ಹುಡುಗರಿಗೆ ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
* Dative case is used with some indeclinables.
रामाय नमः । Salutation to Raama. ರಾಮನಿಗೆ ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ.
Ablative Case :
* Ablative case is used for reason or distance or separation.
अहम् रामात् धनम् आनयामि । I bring money from Raama.(separation).
ನಾನು ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಹಣವನ್ನು ತರುತ್ತೇನೆ.
त्वम् ग्रामात् आगच्छसि । You are coming from village. (separation).
ನೀನು ಊರಿನಿಂದ ಬರುತ್ತಿ. (ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವಿ).
अहम् रामात् दूरे अस्मि । I am away from Raama. (distance)
ನಾನು ರಾಮನಿಂದ ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
रामात् रावणः हतः । Raavana was killed by the reason of Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ರಾವಣನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು.
* Ablative case is used with some indeclinables.
ग्रामात् बहिः उद्यानम् अस्ति । Garden is out side of village.
ಊರಿನ ಹೊರಗೆ ಹೂದೋಟವು ಇದೆ.
Genitive Case :
* Genitive case (possessive case) is used to express the relation between two things or person.
रामस्य पुस्तकम् । Book of Raama. ರಾಮನ ಪುಸ್ತಕ.
मम गृहम् । My house. ನನ್ನ ಮನೆ.
* If there are no possibilities to use any other cases by Panini-Rule (Sanskrit-Grammar-Rule) then we can use easily this genitive case.
बालानाम् गतम् / बालानाम् गमनम् । Going of boys.(walking of boys). This sentence can not be used in English. ಹುಡುಗರ ಹೋಗುವಿಕೆ.
Locative Case : Locative case is used for location.
रामे धनम् अस्ति । Money is in Raama (at Raama). This sentence can not be used in English. Meaning is "Raama has money". ರಾಮನಲ್ಲಿ ಹಣವು ಇದೆ.
अहम् ग्रामे अस्मि । I am in village. ನಾನು ಊರಿನಲ್ಲಿ (ಹಳ್ಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ) ಇದ್ದೇನೆ.
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* How to use the verbs in Sanskrit ?
* ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು ?
Present Tense. (Parasmai-pada Forms)
Singular-ಏಕವಚನ Dual-ದ್ವಿವಚನ Plural-ಬಹುವಚನ
3rd Person (ಪ್ರಥಮ-ಪುರುಷ) पठति पठतः पठन्ति ।
2nd Person (ಮಧ್ಯಮ-ಪುರುಷ) पठसि पठथः पठथ ।
1st Person (ಉತ್ತಮ-ಪುರುಷ) पठामि पठावः पठामः ।
Answer :
* Use the forms of 1st person if the Subject is अहम् [I] / आवाम् [We two] / वयम् [We]। ಅಹಮ್(ನಾನು) /
ಆವಾಮ್(ನಾವಿಬ್ಬರು) / ವಯಮ್(ನಾವು) ಎಂಬ ಕರ್ತೃ- ಪದಗಳಿದ್ದಾಗ "ಉತ್ತಮ-ಪುರುಷ" ವನ್ನೇ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.
* Use the forms of 2nd person if the Subject is त्वम् [You] /
युवाम् [You two] / यूयम् [You (All you)]। ತ್ವಮ್(ನೀನು) / ಯುವಾಮ್(ನೀವಿಬ್ಬರು) / ಯೂಯಮ್(ನೀವು)
ಎಂಬ ಕರ್ತೃ-ಪದಗಳಿದ್ದಾಗ "ಮಧ್ಯಮ-ಪುರುಷ" ವನ್ನೇ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.
* Otherwise use the forms of 3rd Person. ಇನ್ನುಳಿದ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕರ್ತೃ-ಪದವಿರಲಿ
"ಪ್ರಥಮ-ಪುರುಷ" ವನ್ನೇ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.
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Examples [ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು] :
१. अहं पठामि । I read / I am reading ನಾನು ಓದುತ್ತೇನೆ / ಓದುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
२. आवां पठावः । We two are reading ನಾವಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತೇವೆ.
३. वयं पठामः । We are reading ನಾವು (ನಾವೆಲ್ಲರು) ಓದುತ್ತೇವೆ.
१. त्वं पठसि । You are reading ನೀನು ಓದುತ್ತಿ. (ನೀನು ಓದುತ್ತಿರುವಿ).
२. युवां पठथः । You two are reading ನೀವಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ.
३. यूयं पठथ । You all are reading ನೀವು ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ.
१. सः पठति । He is reading ಅವನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
तौ पठतः । They two are reading ಅವರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ते पठन्ति । They are reading ಅವರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
२. सा पठति । She is reading ಅವಳು ಓದುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
ते पठतः । They two are reading ಅವರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ताः पठन्ति । They are reading ಅವರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
३. तत् पठति । It is reading ಅದು ಓದುತ್ತದೆ.
ते पठतः । They two are reading ಅವುಗಳೆರಡು ಓದುತ್ತವೆ.
तानि पठन्ति । They are reading ಅವುಗಳು ಓದುತ್ತವೆ.
४. बालकः पठति । A boy is reading ಹುಡುಗನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
बालकौ पठतः । Two boys are reading ಹುಡುಗರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
बालकाः पठन्ति । Boys are reading ಹುಡುಗರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
५. बालिका पठति । A girl is reading ಹುಡುಗಿಯು ಓದುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
बालिके पठतः । Two girls are reading ಹುಡುಗಿಯರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
बालिकाः पठन्ति । Girls are reading ಹುಡುಗಿಯರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
६. रामः पठति । Raama is reading ರಾಮನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
रामौ पठतः । Two Raama are reading ರಾಮರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
रामाः पठन्ति । Raama(s) are reading ರಾಮರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
७. रमा पठति । Ramaa is reading ರಮೆಯು ಓದುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
रमे पठतः । Two Ramaa are reading ರಮೆಯರಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
रमाः पठन्ति । Ramaa(s) are reading ರಮೆಯರು (ರಮೆಯಂದಿರು) ಓದುತ್ತಾರೆ.
८. भवान् पठति । You (respect) are reading ನೀನು ಓದುತ್ತಿ.
भवन्तौ पठतः । You two (respect) are reading ನೀವಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ
भवन्तः पठन्ति । You all (respect) are reading ನೀವು (ನೀವೆಲ್ಲರು) ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ
९. भवती पठति । You (respect) are reading ನೀನು ಓದುತ್ತಿ.
भवत्यौ पठतः । You two (respect) are reading ನೀವಿಬ್ಬರು ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ
भवत्यः पठन्ति । You all (respect) are reading ನೀವು (ನೀವೆಲ್ಲರು) ಓದುತ್ತೀರಿ.
These are Basic Sentences. You can Add Object or any other noun or Indeclinable to build long Sentence. ಇವುಗಳು ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಹಂತದ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳು. ಇವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕರ್ಮಪದ, ಶಬ್ದ, ಅವ್ಯಯಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಿ ಉದ್ದದ ವಾಕ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ನೀವು ಮಾಡಬೇಕು. Examples [ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು]:
* सः पाठं पठति । He is reading a lesson. ಅವನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
* प्रातः सः पाठं पठति । He is reading a lesson in the morning. ಬೆಳಿಗ್ಗೆ ಅವನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
* प्रातः सः गृहे पाठं पठति । He is reading a lesson in the morning at home. ಬೆಳಿಗ್ಗೆ ಅವನು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
Present Tense. (Aatmane-pada Forms)
1) वर्तमाने लट् । (लट्-लकारः)
(to bow) एकवचनम् (Singular) द्विवचनम् (Dual)बहुवचनम् (Plural)
प्रथमपुरुषः (3rd person) वन्दते वन्देते वन्दन्ते ।
मध्यमपुरुषः (2nd person) वन्दसे वन्देथे वन्दध्वे ।
उत्तमपुरुषः (1st person) वन्दे वन्दावहे वन्दामहे ।
* Study Aatmane-pada forms and All Tenses same like Present-Tense. Study 50 or 100 Verbs to have good knowledge in Sanskrit. ಹೀಗೆಯೇ ಆತ್ಮನೇ-ಪದದ ರೂಪಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಹತ್ತು ಲಕಾರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಕಲಿಯಿರಿ. ಕನಿಷ್ಠ ೫೦ ಅಥವಾ ೧೦೦ ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಗಳನ್ನು ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತಮ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆಯು ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ.
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Imperative Mood (Parasmai-pada Forms) ಆಜ್ಞೆ-ಆದೇಶ-ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ-ಹಾರೈಕೆ.
5) विध्यादौ लोट् । (लोट्-लकारः) Command-Order-Blessings-Wish
(to read) एकवचनम् (Singular) द्विवचनम् (Dual)बहुवचनम् (Plural)
प्रथमपुरुषः (3rd person) पठतु,पठतात् पठतां पठन्तु ।
मध्यमपुरुषः (2nd person) पठ,पठतात् पठतं पठत ।
उत्तमपुरुषः (1st person) पठानि पठाव पठाम ।
Imperative Mood (Aatmane-pada Forms) ಆಜ್ಞೆ-ಆದೇಶ-ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ-ಹಾರೈಕೆ.
5) विध्यादौ लोट् । (लोट्-लकारः) Command-Order-Blessings-Wish
(to bow) एकवचनम् (Singular) द्विवचनम् (Dual)बहुवचनम् (Plural)
प्रथमपुरुषः (3rd person) वन्दतां वन्देतां वन्दन्ताम् ।
मध्यमपुरुषः (2nd person) वन्दस्व वन्देथां वन्दध्वम् ।
उत्तमपुरुषः (1st person) वन्दै वन्दावहै वन्दामहै ।
Potential Mood (Parasmai-pada Forms) ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ-ಸಂಭವ
7) विधिलिङ् । (विधिलिङ्-लकारः) Possibility
(to read) एकवचनम् (Singular) द्विवचनम् (Dual)बहुवचनम् (Plural)
प्रथमपुरुषः (3rd person) पठेत् पठेतां पठेयुः ।
मध्यमपुरुषः (2nd person) पठेः पठेतं पठेत ।
उत्तमपुरुषः (1st person) पठेयं पठेव पठेम ।
Potential Mood (Aatmane-pada Forms) ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ-ಸಂಭವ
7) विधिलिङ् । (विधिलिङ्-लकारः) Possibility
(to bow) एकवचनम् (Singular) द्विवचनम् (Dual)बहुवचनम् (Plural)
प्रथमपुरुषः (3rd person) वन्देत वन्देयातां वन्देरन् ।
मध्यमपुरुषः (2nd person) वन्देथाः वन्देयाथां वन्देध्वम् ।
उत्तमपुरुषः (1st person) वन्देय वन्देवहि वन्देमहि ।
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* How to use Participles in Sanskrit ?
* ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೃದಂತಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು ?
क्त - क्तवतु । तव्य । क्त्वा । ल्यप् । तुमुन् ।
* क्त-प्रत्ययः - kta-suffix ।(त) Passive-Voice ಕರ್ಮಣಿ-ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
Past-Participle ಭೂತ-ಕೃದಂತ
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine : पठितः पठितौ पठिताः ।
Faminine : पठिता पठिते पठिताः ।
Neuter : पठितम् पठिते पठितानि ।
Examples :
१. बालेन पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by a boy. ಹುಡುಗನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
(A lesson has been read by a boy). etc.
२. बालेन पाठौ पठितौ । : Two lessons were read by a boy.
ಹುಡುಗನಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಪಾಠಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
३. बालेन पाठाः पठिताः । : Lessons were read by a boy.
ಹುಡುಗನಿಂದ ಪಾಠಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
४. त्वया पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by you. ನಿನ್ನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
५. युष्माभिः पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by you all. ನಿಮ್ಮಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
६. मया पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by me. ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
७. अस्माभिः पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by us. ನಮ್ಮಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
८. बालिकया पाठः पठितः । : A lesson was read by a girl. ಹುಡುಗಿಯಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
९. बालिकया पाठौ पठितौ । : Two lessons were read by a girl.
ಹುಡುಗಿಯಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಪಾಠಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
१०. बालिकया पाठाः पठिताः । : Lessons was read by a girl. ಹುಡುಗಿಯಿಂದ ಪಾಠಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
११. तेन कथा पठिता । : A story was read by him. ಅವನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಯು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
१२. तेन कथे पठिते । : Two stories were read by him. ಅವನಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಕಥೆಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
१३. तेन कथाः पठिताः । : Stories were read by him. ಅವನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
१४. तया पद्यं पठितम् । : A poem was read by her. ಅವಳಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯವು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
१५. तया पद्ये पठिते । : Two poems were read by her. ಅವಳಿಂದ ಎರಡು ಪದ್ಯಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
१६. तया पद्यानि पठितानि । : Poems were read by her. ಅವಳಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು.
* तेन कथा लिखिता । : A story was written by him. ಅವನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಯು ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
* तया पद्यं लिखितम् । : A poem was written by her. etc. ಅವಳಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯವು ಬರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.
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* क्तवतु-प्रत्ययः-ktavatu-suffix(तवत्) Active-Voice ಕರ್ತರಿ-ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
Past-Participle ಭೂತ-ಕೃದಂತ
Singular Dual Plural
Masculine : पठितवान् पठितवन्तौ पठितवन्तः ।
Faminine : पठितवती पठितवत्यौ पठितवत्यः ।
Neuter : पठितवत् पठितवती पठितवन्ति ।
Examples :
१. बालः पाठं पठितवान् । : Boy read the lesson. ಹುಡುಗನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದನು.
२. बालौ पाठं पठितवन्तौ । : Two boys read the lesson. ಹುಡುಗರಿಬ್ಬರು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದರು.
३. बालाः पाठं पठितवन्तः ।: Boys read the lesson. ಹುಡುಗರು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದರು.
४. त्वं पाठं पठितवान् ।: You read the lesson. ನೀನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದಿ. (ಓದಿರುವಿ).
५. यूयं पाठं पठितवन्तः । : You (all) read the lesson.
ನೀವು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೀರಿ.(ಓದಿರುವಿರಿ).
६. अहं पाठं पठितवान् । : I read the lesson. ನಾನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೇನೆ. (ಓದಿರುವೆನು).
७. वयं पाठं पठितवन्तः । : We read the lesson. ನಾವು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೇವೆ. (ಓದಿರುವೆವು).
८. बालिका पाठं पठितवती । : Girl read the lesson. ಹುಡುಗಿಯು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದಳು.
९. बालिके पाठं पठितवत्यौ ।: Two girls read the lesson.
ಹುಡುಗಿಯರಿಬ್ಬರು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದರು.
१०. बालिकाः पाठं पठितवत्यः ।: Girls read the lesson. ಹುಡುಗಿಯರು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದರು.
११. त्वं पाठं पठितवती । : You read the lesson. ನೀನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದಿ. (ಓದಿರುವಿ).
१२. यूयं पाठं पठितवत्यः । : You (all) read the lesson. ನೀವು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೀರಿ.(ಓದಿರುವಿರಿ).
१३. अहं पाठं पठितवती ।: I read the lesson. ನಾನು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೇನೆ. (ಓದಿರುವೆನು).
१४. वयं पाठं पठितवत्यः । : We read the lesson. ನಾವು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದಿದ್ದೇವೆ. (ಓದಿರುವೆವು).
* सः कथां लिखितवान् । : He wrote a story. ಅವನು ಕಥೆಯನ್ನು ಬರೆದನು.
* सा पद्यं लिखितवती ।: She wrote a poem. etc. ಅವಳು ಪದ್ಯವನ್ನು ಬರೆದಳು.
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* तव्य-प्रत्ययः-tavya-suffix (तव्य) Passive-Voice ಕರ್ಮಣಿ-ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
Examples for masculine :
१. रामेण पाठः पठितव्यः । The lesson should be read by Raama. or
The lesson must be read by Raama. ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
२. रामेण पाठौ पठितव्यौ । Two lessons should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪಾಠಗಳೆರಡು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
३. रामेण पाठाः पठितव्याः । Lessons should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪಾಠಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
४. तया पाठः पठितव्यः । Lesson should be read by her. ಅವಳಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
५. त्वया पाठः पठितव्यः । Lesson should be read by you. ನಿನ್ನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
६. मया पाठः पठितव्यः । Lesson should be read by me. etc.
ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಪಾಠವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
Examples for Feminine :
१. रामेण कथा पठितव्या । Story should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಯು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
२. रामेण कथे पठितव्ये । Two stories should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಗಳೆರಡು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
३. रामेण कथाः पठितव्याः । Stories should be read by Raama. etc.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
Examples for neuter gender :
१. रामेण पद्यं पठितव्यम् । Poem should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
२. रामेण पद्ये पठितव्ये । Two poems should be read by Raama.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯಗಳೆರಡು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
३. रामेण पद्यानि पठितव्यानि । Poems hould be read by Raama. etc.
ರಾಮನಿಂದ ಪದ್ಯಗಳು ಓದಲ್ಪಡಬೇಕು.
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* क्त्वा-प्रत्ययः - ktvaa-suffix । (त्वा)
"He is reading having gone" सः गत्वा पठति ।
Examples :
१. सः गत्वा पठति । He reads after going. (He reads having gone).
ಅವನು ಹೋಗಿ ಓದುತ್ತಾನೆ.
२. सा पठित्वा लिखति । She writes after reading. ಅವಳು ಓದಿ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
३. अहं फलं खादित्वा पाठं पठामि । I read the lesson after eating fruit. etc.
ನಾನು ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ತಿಂದು ಪಾಠವನ್ನು ಓದುತ್ತೇನೆ.
* ल्यप्-प्रत्ययः - lyap-suffix । (ल्यप्)
If there is a prefix with root then we must not use "ktvaa". We must use "lyap" (ya). ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಉಪಸರ್ಗವು ಇದ್ದರೆ ಕ್ತ್ವಾ-ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬಾರದು. ಲ್ಯಪ್-ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯವನ್ನೇ ಬಳಸಬೇಕು.
1. स्मृत्वा = after remembering. ನೆನಪಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು.
वि is prefix. So, वि + स्मृत्वा = विस्मृत्य = after forgetting. ಮರೆತು
2. हृत्वा =after stealing. ಕದ್ದು.
सम् is prefix. So, सम् + हृत्वा = संहृत्य = after killing. ಕೊಂದು.
Some Indeclinables :
१. प्रहृत्य = after beating ಹೊಡೆದು २. विहृत्य = after walking for pleasure. ಸುತ್ತಾಡಿ. ३.परिहृत्य = after solving. ಬಗೆಹರಿಸಿ. ४.आगत्य =after comming. ಬಂದು.
५. आनीय = after bringing. ತಂದು. ६. सम्भूय = after happening ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ.
७. प्रेक्ष्य (प्र+ईक्षित्वा) = after looking. ನೋಡಿ. ८. प्रदाय = after giving. ಕೊಟ್ಟು.
९. वीक्ष्य (वि+ईक्षित्वा) = after looking. etc. ನೋಡಿ.
Examples :
१. अहं पुस्तकं विस्मृत्य आगतवती । I came forgetting the book
(I came after forgetting the book). ನಾನು ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಮರೆತು ಬಂದೆನು.
२. सा आगत्य गतवती । She went after coming. ಅವಳು ಬಂದು ಹೋದಳು.
३. सः औषधम् आनीय आगतवान् । He came after bringing medicine.
ಅವನು ಔಷಧವನ್ನು ತಂದು ಬಂದನು.
४. वयं राजगृहं वीक्ष्य गच्छामः । We go after watching palace.
ನಾವು ಅರಮನೆಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇವೆ.
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* तुमुन्-प्रत्ययः - tumun-suffix । (तुम्)
Examples :
१. सः खादितुं गच्छति । He goes to eat. ಅವನು ತಿನ್ನಲು ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ.
२. सा नर्तितुम् इच्छति । She likes to dance. ಅವಳು ನೃತ್ಯ ಮಾಡಲು (ಕುಣಿಯಲು) ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
३. ते क्रीडितुं गच्छन्ति । They go to play. ಅವರು ಆಟವಾಡಲು (ಆಡಲು) ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾರೆ.
४. अहं क्षीरं पातुम् इच्छामि । I like to drink milk. ನಾನು ಹಾಲನ್ನು ಕುಡಿಯಲು ಬಯಸುತ್ತೇನೆ.
५. सा संस्कृते वक्तुं कथयति । She tells to tell in Sanskrit. ಅವಳು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಲು
ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾಳೆ.
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