12th Notes

PROSE

(1) How and When Brooker t. Washington reached Richmond ?

(2) What are the most common things we often forget, according to Robert Lyend ?

(3) Who were selling the baskets and why ?

(4) What lesson does one learn from the fable, the Ant and the Grass Hopper?

(5) How did Tom blackmail his brother George. ?

(6) Why did the old man continue to make kites even when his shop had gone?

(7) Give the brief description of the train Mr. A.G. Gardiner was traveling by. ?

(8) Who was fellow traveler? What relationship did the author develop with him ?

(9) It is the secret of health, success and power in life ?

(10) What do you understand by “Variety and Unity of India” ?

(11) What thing does Pt. Nehru mention as examples of India ,s tremendous unity ?

(12) What was Taxila famous for in ancient India ?

(13) Why does Joad think that Caliphs and princes in the “Arabian Night” ?

(14) How did man hunt in the beginning ?

(15) What are the advantages of shooting with a camera ?

(16) Why did man think of capturing the horse ?

(17) Why did the creator grow red with shame when the saw the horse from heaven?

(18) What are the opportunities available to women in our time?

(19) What kind of women does the society need?

(20) What did Ram Mohan Roy advocate?

(21) What did Vivekanand evocate about service of the Great mother?

MY STRUGGLE FOR AN EDUCATION

(1) Explanations with Reference to the Context

(1) I was one of the happiest souls on earth. The sweeping of that room was my college examination. I have passed several examinations since then, but I have always felt that this was the best one I have ever passed.

(2) I waited for a few minutes till I was sure that no passers-by could see me and then crept under the sidewalk and lay for the night on the ground, with my satchel of clothing for a pillow. Nearly all night I could heat the tramp of feet over my head.

(3) I had not a single acquaintance in the place; and, being unused to city ways, I did not know where to go. I asked at several places for lodging, but they all wanted money, and that was what I did not have Knowing nothing else better to do. I walked the streets.

(4) Finally the great day came, and I started for Hempton. I had only a small cheap satchel that contained the few articles of clothing I could get. My mother at the time was rather weak and broken in health. I hardly expected to see her again, and thus our parting was all the more sad. She, however, was very brave through it all.

(5) My mother was troubled with a grave fear that I was starting out on a “wild-goose chase”. At any rate, I got only a half-hearted consent from her that I might start. I had very little money with which to buy clothes and pay my traveling expenses. My brother John helped me all that he could ; but, of course, that was not a great deal.

(6) In the fall of 1872, I determined to make an effort to get there. My mother was troubled with a grave fear that I was starting out on a “wild-goose chase”. At any rate, I got only a half-hearted consent from the her that I might start.

(7) My work pleased the captain so well that he told me I could continue working for a small amount per day. This I was very glad to do. I continued working on this vessel for a number of days.

(8) Without any unusual occurrence, I reached Hampton, with a surplus of exactly fifty cents with which to begin my education. The first sight of the large, three-storey brick school building seemed to haved rewarded me for all that I had undergone in order to reach the place. The sight of it seemed to give me new life.

(9) For some time the did not refuse to admit me, neither did she decide in my favour. I continued to linger about her, and to impress her in all the ways I could with my worthiness.

(10) All the woodwork around the walls, every bench, table and desk I went over four times with my dusting cloth. Besides, every piece of furniture had been moved and every closet and corner had been thoroughly cleaned. I had the feeling that in a large measure my future depended upon the impression I made upon the teacher in the cleaning of that room. When I was through, I reported to the head teacher.

(II) Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) I must have walked the streets till after midnight. At last I became so exhausted that I could walk no longer. I was tired, I was hungry, I was everything but discouraged. Just about the time when I reached extreme physical exhaustion, I came upon a portion of a street where the broad sidewalk was considerably elevated. I waited for a few minutes till I was sure that no passers-by could see me, and then crept under the sidewalk and lay for the night on the ground, with my satchel of clothing for a pillow. Nearly all night I could hear the tramp of feet over my head.

Question 1. What did the author search for till late in the night ?

2. What quality of character of the author stands out in the passage ?

3. How do you know that the author could not sleep peacefully in the night ?

4. Why do you think the author tried not be seen by anyone while going to sleep.

(2) The next morning I found myself somewhat refreshed, but I was extremely hungry. As soon as it became light enough for me to see my surroundings, I noticed that I was near a large ship. It seemed to be unlading a cargo, of pig iron. I went at once to the vessel and asked the captain to permit me to help unload the vessel in order to get money for food. The captain, a white man, who seemed to be kind- hearted, consented. I worked long enough to earn money for my breakfast ; and it seems to me, as I remember it now, to have been about the best breakfast that I have ever eaten.

Question 1. How did the narrator feel like when he got up the next morning ?

2. Why did the narrator go to the vessel ?

3. What kind of man was the captain ?

4. Why does the narrator call the breakfast as the best breakfast of his life ?

(3) As soon as possible, after reaching the grounds of the Hampton Institute, I presented myself before the head teacher of assignment to a class. Having been so long without proper food, a bath, and change of clothing, I did not, of course, make a very favourable impression upon her. I could see at once that there were doubts in her mind about the wisdom of admitting me as a student. For some time she did not refuse to admit me, neither did she decide in my favour. I continued to linger about her, and to impress her in all the ways I could with my worthiness. In the mean time I saw her admitting other students, and that added greatly to my discomfort. I felt, deep down in my heart, that I could do as well as they, if I could only get a chance to show what was in me.

Question1. Where did the writer himself for assignment to a class ?

2. Why did the writer not make a favourable impression upon the head teacher?

3. Why did the writer continue to linger about the head teacher?

4. What added greatly to the discomfort of the writer ?

(4) I swept the recitation room three times, then I got a dusting cloth, and I dusted it four times. All the woodwork around the walls, every bench, table, and desk, I went over four times with my dusting cloth, Besides, every piece of furniture had been moved and every closet and corner in the room had been thoroughly cleaned. I had the feeling that in a large measure my future depended upon the impression I made upon the teacher in the cleaning of that room. When I was through, I reported to the head teacher. She was a “Yankee” woman who knew just where to look for dirt. She went into the room and inspected the floor and closets ; then she took her handkerchief and rubbed it on the woodwork about the walls and over the table and benches. When she was unable to find one bit of dirt on the floor or a particle of dust on any of the furniture, she quietly remarked, “I guess you will do to enter this institution”.

Question 1. Why do you think the author the room after sweeping it ?

2. What did you understand by the expression ‘woodwork around the walls?

3. How did the head teacher ensure the cleanliness of the room?

4. What qualities do you think were needed for admission to the institution?

Lesson 1. Short Answers

Q1. How did the author (Broker T. Washington) carry out the work assigned to him?

Ans. The author (Mr. Brooker T. Washington) swept the recitation room three times. Then he took a dusting cloth and dusted the room four times. Every piece of furniture was moved and every closet and corner in the room was thoroughly cleaned. In this way he carried out the work assigned to him.

Q2. How and when did Brooker T. Washington reach Richmond?

Ans. Mr. T. Washington covered some distance by walking on foot. He got place in wagons. He requested people to give him lift in cars. Thus he reached Richmond tried, dirty, hungry and penniless.

Q3. Where was the school for the coloured people situated and what was its full name ?

Ans. The author had heard of a great school for the coloured people. It was situated at Hampton in Virginia state of the U.S.A. Its full name was Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute.

Q4. What inspired Washington to go to Hampton Institute?

Ans. Washington heard some labourers in the coal mine talking about a great school for the coloured people. So he decided to go to Hampton Institute.

Q5. What exactly was his college examination and why?

Ans. The sweeping of the room was like a college examination for the author. It was so because his admission depended on it. When he swept the room well, he was admitted.

Q6. ‘Never did I receive an order with more delight.’ Which order Brooker T. Washington is referring to ?

Ans. The head teacher said to Washington, “The adjoining recitation room needs sweeping. Take the broom and sweep it”. This is the order which Washington is referring to. He recived this order with the greatest delight.

Q7. What did Brooker T. Washington do to save money?

Ans. Brooker T. Washington had continued to pass the night under the sidewalk as nobody was ready to give him place to pass the night without payment. In this way he saved the money.

Q8. What message do you get from the lesson ‘ My Struggle for an Education”?

Ans. The lesson ‘My Struggle for an Education’ teaches us that poverty is no bar to success. It shows that nothing is impossible in the world. With determination and efforts we can achieve success in life.

Q9. How did the teacher test the suitability of Brooker to admit him as a student ?

Ans. The teacher asked Brooker to sweep the adjoining recitation room as she was reluctant to admit him as a student.

Q. What difficulties did the writer face to achieve the goal of his life?

Ans. On hearing the conversation of two miners working in a coal mine Brooker T. Washington decided to go to Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, situated in Verginia. At the time of departure he had a small cheap bag, containing few clothes. At that time the health of his mother was so weak that the could not hope to see the face of her mother again, after coming from the Hampton Institute. Thus, the parting between the mother and son was full of sorrow and sadness.

Into each life some rain must fall some days must be dark and dreary [Long fellow]

Since he was poor so by walking on foot and begging rides in wagons and cars he reached the City of Richmond. When he reached the city of Richmon it was late nigh and he was hungry. dirty nor any relative or familiar in that city so he could not stay in lodge. Knowing nothing better to do he began to walk in the streets of Richmond.

There are no gains without pains [Adalli Stevenson]

He continued his walking till after midnight. When he was completely exhausted he come to the Foothpath, which was a little high. Having his bag under this head as a pillow the writer lay down on the ground to pass the night. He could not sleep soundly.

The next morning he found himself near a large ship. Pig-iron was being unloaded from the vessel. Inspite of being hungry he worked hard on the ship for a small amount perday. To save money he continued sleeping beside the road so that he might go Hampton.

Success often come to those who dare and act (J.L. Nehru).

When he reached Hampton Institute he presented, himself before the head teacher. Without proper food, bath and change of clothes for a long period he failed to win the heart of the head teacher. She neither admitted him nor refused him so he felt discfort in his heart.

Sweeping of the recitation room, won the heart of the head teacher so she permitted him to get admission. In this way he got success in his mission inspite of a number of problems on his way.

Thus, in brief, these were the difficulties, faced by the writer to get the goal of his life.

The ones who live are one who struggle (Victor Hugo)

Lesson – 2 FORGETTING

Q. Where does the commonest form of forgetfulness. What does Robert Lynd say in defense of Forgetting ?

Ans. Robert Lynd, a famous essayist, explained the habit of forgetting which is very common with all.

(1) Memory is the diary that we all carry about with us ------------------------Oscar Wilde

A man is expected to remember telephone number, addresses appointments for lunch and dinner and so on. But in some cases as posting letters, taking medicines, having books, sticks and umbrella leaving the place and many other things are forgotten by men.

(2) It is not everything that deserves to be remembered -------------- Syrus

This list of articles lost by the railway passengers shows that the absentmindedness is very common among different sections of the people. In case of patients it is very difficult to take the medicine at appointed time even when he has the medicine in his pocket. The writer finds it to quite impossible to remember to pick up walking sticks. He usually forgets them at the places where he goes.

(3) The man with a clear conscience probably has a poor memory ------------------- Anonymous

According to Robert Lynd forget fullness is not only a vice but it is also a virtue. In defense of forget fullness he says that the poet like Coleridge or a philosopher as Socrates may forget to post a letter because it is an ordinary thing for them. Their mind is full of more glorious things. A sportsman forgets his bat or balls when he is drowned in more glorious imagination or adventures of the sports of the day. Good memory is not related with intelligence. A man who has good memory, he has intelligence it is not necessary. It is seen that great intellectuals have no time to remember ordinary things and they make the best use of their life in remembering the things of their interest and profession. In such matters they have good memories.

(4) The secret of good memory is attention to a subject depends upon our interest --------------Tyron Edwards

Thus, in nut shell, forgetting is common in posting the letters taking medicines, having books, Sticks, umbrella leaving the place. Forgetting is a virtue when mind is filled with matter more glorious.

FORGETTING

(I) Explanations with Reference to the Context

(1) The fact remains, however that few but the moral giants remember to take their medicine regularly. Certain psychologists tell us that we forget things because we wish to forget them, and it may be that it is because of their antipathy of pills and potions ; that many people fail to remember them at the appointed hours. This does not explain, however, how it is that a life long devotee of medicines like myself is as forgetful of them as those who take them most unwillingly.

(2) How many men below the rank of a philosopher would be capable of such absent – mindedness as this ? Must of us, I fear, are born with prosaically efficient memories. If it were not so, the instititution of the family could not survive in any great modern city.

(3) Yet, even if I have the stuff in my pockets, I forget about it as soon as the hour approaches at which I ought to swallow it. Chemists make their fortunes out of the medicines people forget to take.

(4) The commonest form of forgetfulness, I suppose, occurs in the matter of posting letter. So common is it that I am always reluctant to trust a departing visitor to post an important letter. So little do I rely on his memory that I put him on his oath before handing the letter to him.

(5) Few of us, however, have lost much property on our travels through forgetfulness. The ordinary man arrives at his destination with all his bags and trunks safe. The list of articles lost in trains during the year suggests that it is the young rather than the adult who forget things, and that sportsmen have worse memories than the ordinary serious –minded fellows.

(6) They are abstracted from the world outside them. Memories prevent them from remembering to do such small prosaic things as take the ball or the bat with them when they leave the train.

(7) Absent – mindedness of this kind seems to me all but a virtue. The absentminded man is often a man who is making the best of life and therefore, has no time to remember the mediocre. Who would have trusted Socrates or Coleridge to post a letter? They had souls above such things.

(8) A man, they say, who is perfect remembering machine is seldom a man of the first intelligence, and they quote various cases of children or men who had marvelous memories and who yet had no intellect to speak of.

(9) She shelled away the perambulator, picturing to herself his terror when he would come out and find the baby gone. She arrived home, anticipating with angry relish the white face and quivering lips that would soon appear with the news that the baby had been stolen. What was her vexation, however, when just before lunch her husband came in smiling cheerfully and asking : Well, my dear, what’s for lunch today ?’

Lesson – 2 FORGETTING

(1) The commonest form of forgetfulness, I suppose, occurs in the matter of posting letters. So common is it that I am always relctant to trust a departing visitor to post an important letter. So little do I rely on his memory that I put him on his oath before handing the letter to him. As for myself, any one who asks me to post a letter is poor judge of character. Even if I carry the letter in my hand I am always past the first pillar – box before I remember that I ought to have posted it.

Question1. When does the commonest form of forgetfulness occur ?

2. Does the writer believe a departing visitor to forgetfulness occur ?

3. Does the writer post a letter at the first letter box ?

4. What is the weakness of the writer about posting a letter ?

(2) A man, they say, who is a perfect remembering machine is seldom a man of the first intelligence, and they quote various cases of children or men who had marvelous memories and who yet had no intellect to speak of. I imagine, however, that on the whole the great writers and the great composers of music have been men with exceptional powers of memory. The poets I have known, have had better memories that the stockbrokers I have known. Memory, indeed, is half the substance of their art. On the other hand, statesmen seem to have extraordinarily bad memories. Let two statesmen attempt to recall the same event – what happened, for example, at some cabinet meeting – and each of them will tell you that the other’s story is so inaccurate that either he has a memory like a sieve or is an audacious perverter of the truth.

Questions : 1. Which do you think is better – perfect memory or intelligence, and why ?

2. Why is memory very important for the composers of music ?

3. Why has the memory of statesmen been compared with a sieve ?

4. How will you define an ideal statesman ?

(3) Certain psychologists tell us that we forget things because we wish to forget them, and it may be that it is because of their antipathy to pills and potions that many people fail to remember them at the appointed hours. This does not explain, however, how it is that a life – long devotee of medicines like myself is as forgetful of them as those who take them most unwillingly. The very prospect of a new and widely advertised cure-all delights me. Yet, even if I have the stuff in my pockets. I forget about it as soon as the hour approaches at which I ought to swallow it. Chemists make their fortunes out of the medicines people forget to take.

Question 1. Why do we forget things according to certain psychologists ?

2. Why do people often forget to take medicines at the appointed hours ?

3. What delights the writer most ?

4. How do the chemists make their fortunes ?

(4) As for leaving articles in trains and taxies, I am no great delinquent in such matters. I cam remember almost anything except books and walking – sticks and I can often remember even books. Walking-sticks I find it quite impossible to keep. I have an old-fashioned taste for them, and I buy them frequently but no sooner do I pay a visit to a friend’s house or go on a journey in a train, than another stick is on its way into the world of the lost. I dare not carry an umbrella for fear of losing it. To go through life without ever having lost an umbrella – has even the grimmest – jawed umbrella-carrier ever achieved this?

Question 1. What is the author most forgetful of ?

2. What does he often prefer to buy ?

3. What is he most afraid of carrying ?

4. What is the most common weakness described in the passage ?

(5) His loss of memory is really a tribute to the intensity of his enjoyment in thinking about his day’s sport. He may forget his fishing-rod, as the poet may forget to post a letter, because his mind is filled with matter more glorious. Absent-mindedness of this kind seems to me all but a virtue. The absent – minded man is often a man who is making the best of life and therefore has no time to remember the mediocre. Who would have trusted Socrates or Coleridge to post a letter? They had souls above such things.

Questions1. Why is his loss of memory really a tribute?

2. How does the writer justify fisherman’s forgetting the fishing –rod and the poet’s to post a letter ?

3. What do you mean by the sentence “Who would have trusted Socrates or Coleridge to post a letter ?

4. What does the word ‘mediocre’ stand for?

(6) On the other hand, statesmen seem to have extraordinarily bad memories, Let two statesmen attempt to recall the same event – what happened, for example at some Cabinet meeting – and each of them will tell you that the other’s story is so inaccurate that either he has a memory like a sieve or is an audacious perverter of the truth. The frequency with which the facts in the autobiographies and speeches of statesmen are challenged, suggests that the world has not yet begun to produce ideal statesmen – men who, like great poets, have the genius of memory and of intelligent combined.

Questions 1. What way does the author suggest to test the memory of the statesmen ?

2. What each statesman will say about the story told by other statesman?

3. What do you understand by the expression ‘an audacious perverter of truth used in the passage ?

4. Why are the facts in the autobiographies and speeches of statesmen frequently challenged ?

5. What is the author’s view about an ideal statesman ?

(7) I have heard of a father who, having offered to take the baby out in a perambulator, was tempted by the sunny morning to pause on his journey and slip into a public-house for a glass of beer. Leaving the permbulator outside, he disappeared through the door of the saloon bar. A little later, his wife had to do some shopping which took her past the public- house, where to her horror she discovered her sleeping baby.

Questions1. Describe the story of the father, the baby and the perambulator in brief.

2. Where did the father go leaving the baby alone in the perambulator?

3. When did the wife see her baby?

4. Why was the wife full of horror?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Why is the memory of sportsmen worse than that of other ordinary people ?

Ans. The memory of sportsmen is worse than that of other ordinary people because their minds are full of the play, the playfield, their achievements of their errors. They are separated from their outward surroundings and so they easily forget their things while leaving the train.

Q2. What are the most common things we often forget, according to Robert Lynd ?

Ans. The commonest form of forgetfulness can be seen when railway passengers leave articles when they reach their destination. They forget to take medicine at the proper time. Some people forget their important letters to post.

Q3. What do certain psychologist tell us about forgetting?

Ans. According to certain psychologists, men forget things because they wish to forget. It is possible that people forget taking medicine due to their dislike for pills and potions.

Q4. Who do you think is the most absent – minded person on the basis of your study of the essay ‘Forgetting’?

Ans. On the basis of our study of the essay ‘Forgetting’, we can say that the father, who took his baby in a perambulator for waling and forgot to bring it back, is the most absent minded person.

Q5. What is absent – mindedness?

Ans. When a man forgets the thing that he is expected to remember, he is called an absent –minded man, and such state of mind is called absent-mindedness.

3. A GIRL WITH A BASKET

(1) The people I saw in India ------ those in the village as well as those in high office – have both pride and lively sense of decency and citizenship. They also have a passion for independence. The beautiful child ------ born in squalor and poverty, uneducated in both grammar and manners ----- had given me a glimpse of the warm soul of India.

(2) Almost everyone was barefoot and dressed in loose white garments. I would ask at least three people before I could in one who spoke English. We would talk world affairs and every major topic the news of the day produced. In this way, I was trying to get a feel of the pulse of the nation, checking opinion against official attitudes and reports.

(3) The platforms were packed with people – Sikhs, Moslems, Hindus, soldiers, merchants, priests, porters, beggars, hawkers. Almost everyone was barefoot and dressed in loose white garments. I would ask at least three people before I could find one who spoke English.

(4) Monkeys – some of them mothers with babies clinging to them and riding underneath – swung off trees at the stations looking for food. The villages we passed had walls make of mud mixed with water and cow-dung. Their peaked roofs were thatched – bundles of grass tied to bamboo poles stretched across the rafters. That day the pumpkin vines that grew over them were in bloom, trailing streaks of yellow over drab walls.

(5) At one station my routine of talking to the people was interrupted. At soon as I alighted, a group of young children gathered around me. They were selling baskets – hand woven, baskets with simple designs and patterns. They held the baskets high, shouting words I did not know but conveying unmistakably their desire.

(6) The children selling baskets were sons and daughters of these refugees. They or their parents or relatives had gathered in the cities, setting up stalls, manufacturing simple articles, trying to make a living in markets already overcrowded.

(7) The most diligent, aggressive vendor was a beautiful girl of nine right in front of me. She had a lovely basket with handle; and she wanted a rupee and a half for it or about thirty cents. She was an earnest pleader. There were tears in her eyes. She pleaded and begged in tones that would wring any heart.

Comprehension Questions on Phrase

(1) These were refugee children. When partition between India and Pakistan was decreed, hundreds of thousands of people pulled up their roots and changed their residences. Nine million people left Pakistan and came to India, driven by the fear of religious fanaticism. They were poor people to start with; they were poorer as they began their long trek ; for all they could carry was a bit of food and a few belongings. Soon they were out of food. A few days after they started, they began to fall by the way-side from the weakness of hunger, and died where they fell.

Questions1. Which refugee children are being referred to in the first sentence ?

2. Why did so many people come to India from Pakistan ?

3. How were they proper as they began their long trek ?

4. Could all of them reach India well ? If not, why ?

(2) I told this story to Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. I told him it was one reason I had fallen in love with India.

The people I saw in India……… those in the village as well as those in high office…… have both pride and a lively sense of decency and citizenship. They also have a passing for independence. This beautiful child…… born in squalor and poverty, uneducated in both grammer and

I told this story to Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. I told him it was one reason I had fallen in love with India.

Questions 1. Which story did the author narrate to Pandit Nehru ?

2. Which was the one reason that made the author fall in love with India?

3. What do you understand by passion for independence?

4. What virtues did the author find in the people of India?

5. Who is this beautiful child the author refers to ?

6. How had the child given the author a glimpse of the warm soul of India?

(3) The villages we passed had walls made of mud mixed with water and cow- dung. Their peaked roofs were thatched…….. bundles of grass tied to bamboo poles stretched across the rafters. That day the pumpkin vines that grew over them were in bloom, training streaks of yellow over drab walls.

Questions.1 Why type of walls were there in the villages ?

2. How were the peaked roofs made ?

3. What was the condition of the pumpkin vines and where were they growing ?

4. What sort of picture do you form of the villages ?

(4) The platforms were packed with people ……… Sikhs, Moslems, Hindus ; soldiers, merchants, priests, porters, beggars and hawkers. Almost everyone was barefoot and dressed in loose white garments. I would ask at least three people before I could find one who spoke English. We would talk world affairs and every major topic the news of the day produced. In this way I was trying to get a fell of the pulse of the nation, checking opinion against official attitudes and reports.

Question1. In what way were people on the platform dressed ?

2. How could the writer find a person who spoke English ?

3. What did the talk to the people about ?

4. What was the purpose in talking to the people ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What were the children selling at a railway station, according to William C. Douglas ? Why were they doing so ?

Ans. The children were selling fans and baskets at the railway station. They were poor refugees who were compelled to earn their living by selling fans and baskets.

Q2. What did William C. Douglas do to know about the real feelings of the people in India ?

Ans. To know about the real feelings of the people in India, William C. Douglas talked to the English – knowing Indians on his journey, He talked about the world politics and the current topics of the day.

Q3. What did the writer do to get a feel of the pulse of the nation ?

Ans. To get a feel of the pulse of the nation, the writer talked to English – knowing Indians on his journey. He talked about the world politics and the current topics of the day.

Q4. Why did the refugee children descend like locusts on the writer ?

Ans. The poor children thought that the American writer was a good customer. Therefore they descended like locust on him to sell their baskets.

Q5. What disturbed the continuity of the writer’s conversations at one of the stations ?

Ans. A one station a group of refugee children surrounded the writer. They were selling baskets. This disturbed the continuity of the writer’s conversation at that station.

Q6. What made the wirter realize that he had given offence by extending the gratuity to the girl as a substitute for not buying the basket ?

Ans. The girl did not accept the writer’s gratuity and returned the money with pride and grace. This made the writer think that his gratuity had offended her.

Q7. What was the plight of the refugees ? What were they doing for a living ?

Ans. The plight of the refugees way very miserable. They had to leave their property and houses in Pakistan. They were without occupation. They were poor, hungry, homeless and jobless. For their living they sold cheap hand-made articles.

Q8. Mention the scene and things the writer saw on his say from Delhi to Ranikhet.

Ans. On his way from Delhi to Ranikhet the writer saw the flooded Ganga, rice fields, jungles, grass, trees, monkeys, village, huts, pumpkins, the refugee children, the baskets, the fans and the girl of nine years.

4. THE ANT AND THE GRASSHOPPER

(1) You’re not going to deny that all my life I’ve been hard-working, decent, respectable and straight- forward. After a life of industry and thrift I can took forward to retiring on a small income in gilt – edged securities. I’ve always done by duty in that state of life in which it has pleased Providence to place me.

(2) “It was all very well when Tom was young and good looking, but he’s only a year younger than I am. In four years he’ll be fifty. He won’t find life so easy then. I shall have thirty thousand pounds by the time I’m fifty. For twenty five years I’ve said that Tom would end in the gutter. And we shall see how he likes that. We shall see if it really pays best to work or be idle.”

(3) He was charming and unscrupulous. I have never met anyone to whom it was more difficult to refuse a loan. He made a steady income from his friends and he made friends easily. But he always said that the money you spent on necessities was boring; the money that was amusing to spend was the money you spent on luxuries.

(4) But one day, without warning, he announced that he didn’t like work and that he wasn’t suited for marriage. He wanted to enjoy himself. He would listen to no expostulations. He left his wife and his office. He had a little money and he spent two happy years in the various capitals of Europe. Rumours of his doings reached his relations from time to time and they were profoundly shocked. He certainly had a very good time. They shook their heads and asked what would happen when his money was spent.

(5) I could not help thinking of this fable when the other day I saw Geogre Ramsay lunching by himself in a restaurant. I never saw anyone wear an expression of such deep gloom. He was starting into space. He looked as though the burden of the whole world sat on his shoulders.

(6) I do not ascribe it to perversity on my part rather to the inconsequence childhood, which is deficient in in moral sense, that I could never quite reconcile myself to the lesson. My sympathies were with the grassphooper and for some time I never saw and ant without putting my foot on it.

Comprehension Questions on Phrase

(1) Poor George, only a year older than his scapegrace brother, looked sixty. He had never taken more than a fortnight’s holiday in the year for a quarter of a century. He was in his office every morning at nine-thirty and never left it till six. He was honest, industrious and worthy. He had a good wife, to whom he had never been unfaithful even in thought, and four daughters to whom he was the best of fathers. He made a point of saving a third of his income and his plan was to retire at fifty-five to a little house in the country where he proposed to cultivate his garden and play golf. His life was blameless. He was that he was growing old because Tom was growing old too.

Questions 1. How old did George look ?

2. How punctual was George in his duty ?

3. What kind of father and husband was George ?

4. What was George’s plan after retirement ?

(2) The man tom had cheated, a man called Cronshaw, was vindictive. He was determineds to take the matter into court, he said Tom was a scoundreal and should be punished. It cost George an infinite deal of trouble and five hundred pounds to settle the affair. I have never seen him in such a rage as when he heard that Tom and Cronshaw had gone off together to Monte Carlo the moment they cashed the cheque. They spend a happy mouth there.

Questions1. Who was Cronshaw ?

2. What did it cost George to settle the affair ?

3. Which behaviour of Tom sent George into a rage ?

4. Why was Tom performing the role of a cheat ?

(3) I suppose every family has a black sheep, Tom had been a sore trial to his for twenty year. He had begun life decently enough : he went into business, married and had two children. The Ramsays were perfectly repectable people and there was every reason to suppose that Tom Ramsay would have a useful and honourable career. But one day, without warming, he announced that he didn’t like work and that he wan’t suited for marriage. He wanted to enjoy himself. He would listen to no expostulations.

Question1. What is the opinion of the writer about every family ?

2. How did Tom begin his life ?

3. What type of people had the Ramsays been ?

4. What did Tom declare one day ?

(4) Among those I learnt was the Ant and Grasshopper, which is devised to bring home to the young the useful lesson that in an imperfect world industry is rewarded and giddiness punished. In this admirable fable (I apologise for telling something which everyone is politely, but inexactly, supposed to know) the ant spends a laborious summer gathering its winter store, white the grasshopper sits on a blade of grass singing to the sun. Winter comes and the ant is comfortably provided for but the grasshopper has an empty larder ;he goes to the ant and begs for a little food. Then the ant gives him her classic answer :

“What were you doing in the summer time”.

“Saving your presence, I sang, I sang all day, all night”.

“You sang. Why, then go and dance”.

Questions1. What makes the grasshopper sing in summer ?

2. Why did the ant work hard in summer ?

3. What message do you get from the passage ?

4. Why do you think the grasshopper was hungry but helpless ?

(5) “You are not going to deny that all my life I’ve been hard-working decent, respectable and straight forward. After a life of industry and thrift I can look forward to retiring on a small income in gift –edged securities. I’have always done my duty in that state of life in which it has pleased Providence to place me”.

Questions 1. What has been the author’s way of life ?

2. What do you understand by the expression, ‘a life of industry ?

3. The author hopes to retire a contented man-how do you know ?

4. What do you understand by the term ‘Providence ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What lesson does one learn from the fable, ‘The Ant and the Grasshopper”.

Ans. From the fable, ‘The Ant and the Grasshopper’ one learns that work is worship and laziness is punished. In the fable it is pointed out that the grasshopper did not work in summer. So he suffered in winters. The ant worked in summer. So it was comfortable in winter. Generally we see that he who works is rewarded and he who is lazy, is punished.

Q2. How did Tom blackmail his brother George ?

Ans. Tom started blackmailing his brother Grorge on one pretest or others Examples are given below :

Examples : (1) Once Tom extorted a couple of hundred pounds not to work in a bar or to drive a taxi outside the club of his brother.

(2) George paid five hundred pounds to Crownshaw not to go to court for his illegal action.

Q3. What news did George Ramsay give to the writer about his brother Tom Ramsay ?

Ans. George told the writer that his brother became engaged to a woman old enough to be his mother a few weeks before, and after her death he had got half a million pounds, a yachit, a hosue in London and house in the country.

Q4. ‘People knew that Tom was a worthless fellow.’ Why did they like him then ?

Ans. People liked Tom Ramsay despite the fact that they knew he was a worthless fellow. The reason was that he had a charming personality and his company was worth enjoying. Anyone who came in his contact was attracted towards him.

Q5. Why did the people around like Tom ?

Ans. People liked ‘Tom Ramsay despite that fact that they knew he was a worthless fellow. The reason was that he had a charming personality and his company was worth enjoying. Anyone who came in his contact was attracted towards him.

Q6. Why did George Ramsay dislike his brother ?

Ans. George Ramsay disliked his brother Tom because he was a worthless fellow, hated to work, and spent

money got from him on luxuries. Tom never cared for future and believed in enjoying life on borrowed money.

Q7. What lesson does one learn from the fable, ‘The Ant and the Grasshopper’ ?

Ans. From the fable, ‘ The Ant and the Grasshopper’ one learns that work is worship and laziness is punished. In the fable it is pointed out that the grasshopper did not work in summer. So he suffered in winters. The ant worked in summer. So it was comfortable in winter. Generally we see that he who works is rewarded and he who is lazy, is punished.

5. THE KITE MAKER

(1) Both were taken for granted as permanent fixtures that were of no concern to the mass of humanity that surrounded them. No longer did people gather under the banyan tree to discuss their problems and their plans ; only in the summer months did someone seek shelter under it from the fierce sun.

(2) There is a great affinity between trees and men. They grow at much the same pace, if they are not hurt, or starved, or cut down. In their youth they are resplendent creatures, and in their decline eyars they stoop a lattice. They remember, they stretch their brittle limbs in the sun, and with a sigh, shed their last leaves.

(3) Mahmood was like the banyan, his hands gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree. Ali was like the young mimosa planted at the end of courtyard. In two years both he and the tree would acquire the strength and confidence that are characteristics of youth.

(4) When he was younger and had fallen sick, everyone in the neighbourhood had come to ask after his health. Now, when his days were drawing to a close, no one visited him. Most of his old friends were dead. His sons had grown up ; one was working in a local garage, the other had stayed in Pakistan where he was at the time of partition.

(5) It consisted of a series of small, very light paper discs, traveling on a thin bamboo fame. To the extremely of each disc he tied a spring of grass for balance. The surface of the foremost disc was slightly convex, and a fantastic face was painted on it, with the two eyes made of small mirrors. The discs, decreasing in size from head to tail, gave the kite the appearance of a crawling serpent.

(6) Adults disdained them and children preferred to spend their money at the movies. Moreover, there were few open spaces left for flying kites. The city had swallowed up the green maidan which had stretched from the old fort walls to the river bank.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) The old man remained dreaming in the sun. His kite- shop had gone, the premises having been sold many years ago to a junk dealer. But he still made kites for his own amusement and as playings for his grandson, Ali, Not many people bought kites these days. Adults disdained them and children preferred to spend their money at the movies. Moreover, there were few open spaces left for flying kites. The city had swallowed up the green maidan which had stretched from the old fort walls to the river-bank.

Questions 1. How had the old man lost his shop ?

2. Why did he continue making kites ?

3. Why did people not buy kites those days ?

4. Where had the city spread ?

(2) At the request of the Nawab he had once made a very special kind of kite, unlike any that had been seen in the district. It consisted of a series of small, very light paper discs, training on a thin bamboo frame. To the extremity to each disc he tied a spring of grass for balance. The surface of the foremost disc was slightly convex, and a fantastic face was painted on it, with the two eyes made of small mirrors. The discs, decreasing in size from head to tail, gave the kite the appearance of a crawling serpent. It required great skill to raise this cumbersome device from the ground, and only Mahmood could manage it.

Questions1. Why did Mahmood once make a very special kind of kite ?

2. What materials did he use in making the kite ?

3. What made the kite look a crawling serpent ?

4. Why does the author call the kite a cumbersome device ?

(3) Everyone had, of course, heard of the ‘dragon kite; that Mahmood had built, and word went round that it possessed supernatural powers. A large crowd assembled on the maidan to watch its first public lauching in the presence of the Nawab. At the first attempt it did not budge from the ground. The disc made a plaintive, protesting sound, and the sun was trapped in the little mirrors, making the kite a living complaining creature.

Question1. What feat of Mahmood was the talk of the town ?

2. What possessed the supernatural powers ?

3. Why did a large crowd assemble on the maidan ?

4. Did the ‘dragon – kite’ soar into the sky in the first attempt ? Why ?

(4) There is a great affinity between trees and men. They grow at much the same pace, if they are not hurt, or starved, or cut down. In their youth they are resplendent creatures, and in their declining years they stoop a little. They remember, they stretch their brittle limbs in the sun, and with a sigh, shed their last leaves.

Mahmood was like the banyan, his hands gnarled and twisted like the roots of the ancient tree. Ali was like the young mimosa planted at the end of the courtyard. In two years both he and the tree would acquire the strength and confidence that are characteristics of youth.

Questions1. What are the similarities between the men and the trees as pointed out by the author ?

2. What have Mahmood and Ali been compared to ?

3. How do the trees behave in the sun ?

4. What do you understand by the words, ‘replendent creatures’ ?

(5) Kite – flying was then the sport of kings. The old man remembered how the Nawab himself would come down to the river-bank with his retinue to join in this noble pastime. In those days, there was time to spend an idle hour with a gay, dancing strip of paper. Now everyone hurried, hurried in a heal of hope, and delicate things like kites and daydreams were trampled underfoot.

Questions1. What was thought about the sport of kite – flying during the days of Mahmood ?

2. Why do you think kite – flying has been called a noble pastime ?

3. How did people spend their idle hours in those days ?

4. What delicate things have been trampled underfoot in the modern busy days ?

Short Answers Type Questions

Q1. What complaints did Ali make to his grandfather in the lesson ‘The Kite Maker’ ?

Ans. Ali complained his grandfather that he had lost his kite as his kite got stuck in the branches of an ancient banyan tree.

Q2. Why did the old man continue to make kites even when his shop was no longer there ?

Ans. Mahmood had much interest in kite-making. So he continued to make kites for his own amusement and as playthings for his grandson even when his shop was no longer there.

Q3. Describe the characteristics features of the ‘dragon kite’ Mahmood made for Nawab.

Ans. At the request of the Nawab Mahmood had made a very special kind of kite. It consisted of a series of small, very light paper discs trailing on a thin bamboo frame. To the extremity of each disc he tied a sprig of grass for balance.

Q4. How did Ali lose his kite ?

Ans. Ali was flying a kite. His kite was struck in the banyan tree. In this way he lost his kite.

Q5. Name the tree and its location in whose branches little All’s kite was stuck ?

Ans. It was an ancient banyan tree which was grown through the cracks of an abandoned mosque.

Q6. What happned to the dragon kite finally ?

Ans. Finally the dragon kite pulled fiercely n the twine. It could not be handled. It became free when the twine snapped. So it vanished into the sky.

Q7. Why did many people not buy kites ?

Ans. Many people did not buy kites as they had to work hard for earning their daily bread and had no time for kite-flying. Thus the people were busy and did not get time to fly kites.

Q8. What had given Mahmood popularity throughout the city ?

Ans. Mahmood was an expert in making kites. His art of kite- making gave him popularity throughout the city. Once when he fell sick, everyone in the neighbourhood came to ask about his health.

Q9. Describe the characteristic features of the ‘dragon kite’ Mahmood made for Nawab.

Ans. At the request of the Nawab Mahmood had made a very special kind of kite. It consisted of a series of mall, very light paper discs trailing on a thin bamboo frame. To the extremity of each disc he tied a spring of grass of balance.

Q10. How were the great battles fought in kite – flying ?

Ans. The kites swered, swopped in the sky and tangled with each other, until the string of one was cut. Then the beaten but liberated kite would float away into the blue unknown.

6. A FELLOW – TRAVELLER

(1) There is a pleasant sense of freedom about being alone in a carriage that in jolting noisily through the night. It is liberty and unrestraint in a very agreeable form. You can do anything you like.

(2) I flicked him off my nose, and he made a tour of the comparement, investigated its three dimensions, visited each window cultured round the light, decided that there was nothing so interesting as that large animal in the corner, came and had a look at my neck.

(3) It was all in vain. He played with me, openly and ostentatiously, like a skilful matador finessing round an infuriated bull. It was obvious that he was enjoying himself, that it was for this that he had disturbed my repose. He wanted a little sport, and what sport like being chased by this huge lumbering windmill of a creature, who tasted so good and seemed so helpless and so stupid ?

(4) I assume the black cap. In condemn you to death. Justice demands it, and the court awards it. The counts against you are many. You are a vagrant; you are a public nuisance ; you are traveling without a ticket ; you have no meat coupon. For these and many other misdemeanours you are about to die. I struck a swift, lethal blow with my right hand. He judged the attack with an insolent ease that humiliated me.

(5) It is enough, I said; magnanimity has its limits. Twice you have been warned that I some in particular, that my august person resents the tickling impertinence of strangers. I assume the black cap. I condemn you to death. Justice demands it and the court award sit.

(6) “Going on to- night, sir?” said a voice at the window. It was a friendly porter giving me a hint that this was my station. I thanked him and said I must have been dozing. And seizing my hat and stick I went out into the cool summer night. As I closed the door of the compartment I saw my fellow – traveler fluttering round the lamp.

(7) The miracle of life is ours in common and its mystery too. I suppose you don’t know anything about you journey. I am not sure that I know much about mine. We are really, when you come to think of it, a good deal alike – just apparitions that are and then are not, coming out of the night into the lighted carriage, fluttering about the lamp for a while and going out into the night agin.

(8) Fortune has made us fellow travelers on this summer night. I have invested you and you have entertained me. The obligation is mutual and it is founded on the fundamental fact that we are fellow mortals. The miracle of life in ours is common and its mystery too. I suppose you don’t know anything about your journey. I am not sure that I know much about mine.

(9) Magnanimity and mercy were the noblest attributes of man. In the exercise of these high qualities I could recover my prestige. At present. I was a ridiculous figure, a thing for laugher and derision. By being merciful I could reassert the moral dignity of man and go back to may corner with honour. I withdraw the sentence of death, I said, returning to my seat. I cannot kill you, but can reprieve you. I do it.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) Magnanimity and mercy were the noblest attributes of man. In the exercise of these high qualities I could revoer my prestige. At present I was a ridiculous figure, a thing for laugher and derision. By being merciful I could reassert the moral dignity of man and go back to my corner with honour. I withdraw the sentence of death, I said, returning to my seat. I cannot kill you, but I can reprieve you. I do it.

Questions 1. Name two noblest attributes of man.

2. How could the writer recover his prestige ?

3. Who does ‘a ridiculous figure’ refer to ?

4. Why could the writer not kill his fellow traveler ?

(2) I struck a swift, lethal blow with my right hand, He dodged the attack with an insolent ease that humiliated me. My personal vanity was aroused. I lunged at him with my hand , with my paper ; I jumped on the seat and pursued him round the lam; I adopted tactics of feline cunning, waiting till he had alighted, approaching with a horrible stealthiness, striking with a sudden and terrible swiftness.

Questions1. What do you understand by the words, ‘feline cunning’ ?

2. How did the writer feel insulted ?

3. What did the fellow traveler do to escape the attacks ?

4. Who do you think is smarter ?

(3) I have reprieved you, and I will satisfy you that when this large animal says a thing he means it. Moreover, I no longer desire to kill you. Through knowing you better I have come to feel – shall I say ? – a sort of affection for you. I fancy that St. Francis would have called you ‘little brother”. I cannot go so far as that in Christian charity and civility. But I recognize a more distant relationship. Fortune has made us fellow – travelers on this summer night. I have interested you and you have entertained me. The obligation is mutual and it is founded on the fundamental fact that we are fellow – mortals. The miracle of life in ours is common and its mystery too. I suppose you don’t know anything about your journey. I am not sure that I know much about mine.

Questions 1. Why does the author spare the fellow – traveler ?

2. What is special about St. Francis ?

3. What is the mutual obligation referred to in the extract ?

4. What is the journey referred to in the passage ?

(4) “Going on to – night, Sir ?” said a voice at the window. It was a friendly porter giving me a hing that this was my station. I thanked him and said I must have been dozing. And seizing my hat and stck I went out into the cool summer night. As I closed the door of the compartment I saw my fellow – traveler fluttering round the lamp.

Questions1. “Going on to – night, Sir ?” Who said this and why ?

2. Why was the writer thankful to the porter ?

3. What was the night like ?

4. What was the fellow – traveler doing in the compartment ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Give a brief description of the train Mr. A.G. Gardiner was traveling by.

Ans. Mr. A.G. Gardiner was going from London to a Midland town. He was traveling by a train which was the last train from London – to Midland town. The train was a stopping train which was an infinitely leisurely train.

Q2. What pleasant sense of freedom does the author feel when traveling along in a railway

compartment ?

Ans. According to Mr. A.G. Gardiner, the pleasant sense of freedom about being alone in a compartment is that a person is free to do what he likes. A person can do anything he likes.

Q3. Who was the fellow – traveler? What relationship did the author develop with the fellow – traveler ?

Ans. A mosquito was the fellow – traveler. The writer developed a kind of distant relationship with the mosquito . It was based on mutual obligation. It was the fact that fortune had made them fellow – travelers.

Q4. What pleasant sense of freedom does the author feel when traveling alone in a railway

compartment ?

Ans. According to Mr. A.G. Gardiner, the pleasant sense of freedom about being alone in a compartment is that a person is tree do to what he like. A person can do anything he likes.

Q5. Describe the experience of A.G. Gardiner with his fellow – traveler ?

Ans. While traveling in a train, A.G. Gardiner’s fellow – traveler was a mosquito At first he was annoyed with it and tried to kill it. Having failed in punishing it, the writer developed a kind of distant relationship with the mosquito based on mutual obligation.

Q6. ‘Magnanimity has its limits.’ Who said it and why ?

Ans. ‘Magnanimity has its limits’ was said by author because he was continuously disturbed by a mosquito during the journey in a railway compartment. He tried to flick it away again and again. But it came again and disturbed him. So he get annoyed.

Q7. Why did author decide to be magnanimous and merciful to the fellow –traveler?

Ans. He decided to be magnanimous and merciful to the fellow – traveler because he felt that these two qualities were virtues of mankind. He could region his lost respect by showing kindness and mercy.

Q8. What did Mr. A.G. Gardiner to while traveling alone in the compartment ?

Ans. While traveling alone in the compartment, A.G. Gardner stopped reading the newspaper, stood up and looked out of the compartment. Then he lit a cigarette, sat down and started reading the newspaper again.

7. THE SECRET OF HEALTH, SUCCESS AND POWER

(1) If you will become possessed of this faith you will not need to trouble about your future success or failure, and success will come. You will not deed to become anxious about results, but will work joyfully, and peacefully, knowing that right thoughts and right efforts will inevitably bring about right results.

(2) By the power of faith every enduring works is accomplished. Faith is the supreme ; faith in the over work and in you power to accomplish that work, here is the rock upon which you must build if you would achieve, if you would stand and not fall.

(3) If you will become possessed of this faith you will not need to trouble about your future success or failure, and success will come. You will not need to become anxious about results, but will work joyfully, and peacefully, knowing that right thoughts and right efforts will inevitably bring about right results.

(4) Passion is not power ; it is the abuse of power; the dispersion of power. Passion is like a furious storm which beats fiercely and widely upon the embattled rock, whilst power is like the rock itself which remains silent and unmoved through it all.

(5) Above all, be of single aim ; have a legitimate and useful purpose, and devote yourself unreservedly to it. Let nothing draw you aside ; remember that, “The double minded man is unstable in all his ways.” Be eager to learn, but slow to beg. Have a through understanding of your work and let it be your own ; and as you proceed, ever following the inward Guide, the infallible Voice, you will pass on from victory to victory, and will rise step by step to higher resting – places, and your ever – broadening outlook will gradually reveal to you the essential beauty and purpose of life.

(6) The sooner we realize and acknowledge that sickness is the result of our own error or sin, the sooner shall we enter upon the highway of health. Disease comes to those who attract it, to those whose minds and bodies are receptive to it, and flies from those whose strong, pure and positive thought – sphere generates healing and life, giving currents.

(7) You are unconditional makes of your fate, be that fate what it may. Every moment you are sending forth from you the influences which will make or mar your life. Let your heart grow large and loving and unselfish and great and lasting will be your influence and success, even though you make little money.

(8) Cultivate, then, this pure and unselfish spirit, and combine with purity and faith, singlesness of purpose, and you are evolving from within the elements, non-only of abounding health and enduring success, but of greatness and power.

(9) This, then, is the secret of health, - a pure heart and a well – ordered mind ; this is the secret of success – an unfaltering faith, and a wisely – directed purpose ; and to rein in, with unfaltering will, the dark steed of desire, this is the secret of power.

(10) Cultivate, then, this pure and unselfish spirit, and combine with purity and faith, singleness of purpose, and your are evolving from within the elements, not only of abounding health and enduring success, but of greatness and power.

Comprehension Questions on Paragraphs

(1) He only is fitted to command and control who has succeeded in commanding and controlling himself. The hysterical, the fearful, the thoughtless and frivolous, let such seek company, or they will fall for lack of support ; but the calm, the fearless, the thoughtful, and grave, let such seek the solitude of the forest, the desert and the mountaintop, and to their power more power will be added, and they will more and more successfully stem and psychic currents and whirlpools which engulf mankind.

Questions1. Who is fitted to command and control ?

2. Who need to be supported and why ?

3. Who need to seek the solitude of the forest, the desert and the mountain – top ?

4. What will such people do ?

(2) Whatever your task may be, concentrate your whole mind upon it, throw into it all the energy of which you are capable. The faultess completion of small tasks leads inevitably to larger tasks. See to it that you rise by steady climbing and your will never fall. And herein lies the secret of true power. Learn, by constant practice, how to husband you resources, and to concentrate them, at any moment, upon a given point. The foolish waste all their mental and spiritual energy in frivolity, foolish chatter, or selfish argument not to mention wasteful physical excesses.

Questions1. How should we do our task ?

2. What leads to larger tasks ?

3. Wherein lies the secret of true power ?

4. What should we learn by constant practice ?

5. How do the foolish waste their energy ?

6. What do you mean by frivolity ?

(3) If you would acquire overcoming power you must cultivate poise and passivity. You must be able to stand alone. All power is associated with immovability. The mountain, the massive rock, the storm – tried oak, all speak to us of power, because of their combined solitary grandeur and defiant fixity while the shifting sand, the yielding twig, and the waving reed speak to us of weakness, because they are movable and non-resistant, and are utterly unless when detached from their fellows. He is the man of power who, when all his fellows are swayed by some emotion or passion, remains calm and unmoved.

Questions1. How can you acquire overcoming power ?

2. Name three objects denoting power.

3. Who is the man of power ?

4. Which are the elements that speak of weakness ?

(4) Let your heart grow large and loving and unselfish and great and lasting will be your influence and success, even though you make little money. Confine it within the narrow limits of self – interests, and even though you become a millionaire, your influence and success, at the final reckoning, will be found to be utterly insignificant.

Questions1. How should you nourish your heart?

2. How can you influence people and succeed in life?

3. What do you understand by the narrow limits of self – interest?

4. When do you influence and success become insignificant?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What is the secret of health, success and power in life ?

Ans. The secret of health is a pure heart and a well – governed mind. The secret of successes is an unflinching faith and a wisely – directed aim of life. The secret of power is to keep under control with will power the dark horse (evil) of desire.

Q2. How do the trends of your thought as described in ‘The Secret of health, Success and Power’, determine the quality of your life ?

Ans. When we are confined to narrow thoughts and self – interests, our influence and success will be utterly insignificant. Narrow thoughts breed narrow influence and narrow success.

Q3. What is the secret of securing good health ?

Ans. For good health a man should be away from tension. Tension kills our capacity to work. Worrying causes tension. We should do our work without drinking needless details.

Q4. How can a person become great and powerful according to James Allen ?

Ans. According to James Allen a person can becomes great and powerful by attaining health, success and power which come from purity of heart, steady faith and positive thoughts.

8. THE VARIETY AND UNITY OF INDIA

(1) Some kind of a dream of unity has occupied the mind of India since the dawn of civilization. That unity was not conceived as something imposed from outside, a standardization of externals or even of beliefs. It was something deeper and within its fold the widest tolerance of belief and custom was practiced and every variety acknowledged and even encouraged.

(2) The diversity of India is tremendous; it is obvious; it lies on surface and anybody can see it. It concerns itself with physical appearance as well as with certain mental habit and traits. There is little in common, to outward seeming, between the Pathan of the North – West and the Tamil in the far South.

(3) Differences, big or small, can always be noticed even within a national group, however, closely bound together it may be. The essential unity of that group becomes apparent when it is compared to another national group, though often the differences between two adjoining groups fade out or intermingle near the frontiers, and modern developments are tending to produce a certain uniformity everywhere.

(4) There are something living and dynamic about this beritage which showed itself in ways of living and a philosophical attitude of life and its problems. Ancient India, like ancient China, was a world in itself, a culture and a civilization which gave shape to all things. Foreign influences poured and often influenced that culture and were absorbed.

(5) Today, when the conception of nationalism has developed much more, Indians, in foreign countries inevitably form a national group and hang together for various purposes, in spite of their internal differences. An Indian Christian is looked upon as an Indian wherever he may go. An Indian Moslem is considered an Indian in Turkey or Arabia or Iran or any other country where Islam is the dominant religion.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) Today, when the conception of nationalism has developed much more, Indians in foreign countries inevitably from a national group and hang together for various purposes, in spite of their internal differences. An Indian Christian is looked upon as an Indian wherever he may go. An Indian Moslem is considered an Indian in Turkey or Arabia or Iran or any other country where Islam is the dominant religion.

Questions1. How can you say that the concept of nationalism has developed today ?

2. Why do Indians come closer when they are in foreign countries ?

3. What does the expression ‘looked upon’ in the passage stand for ?

4. What are the internal differences among Indians ?

5. Does an Indian Christian become an Englishman in England ?

(2) The diversity of India is tremendous ; it is obvious ; it lies on the surface and anybody can see it. It concerns itself with physical appearance as well as with certain metnal habits and traits. There is little in common, to outward seeming, between the Pathan of the North – West and the Tamil in the far South. Their racial stocks are not face and figure, food and clothing and of course, language.

Questions1. What is very pronounced in India ?

2. What will you look at to explain it ?

3. In what respects do the Pathan and the Tamil differ ?

4. What does a Pathan have in common with a Tamil ?

(3) In ancient and medieval times, the ideal of the modern nation was non-existent and feudal, religious, racial or cultural bonds had more importance. Yet I think that at almost any time in recorded history an Indian would have felt more or less at home in any part of Indian, and would have felt as a stranger and alien in any other country. He could certainly have felt less of a stranger in countries which had party adopted his culture or religion. Those who professed a religion of non-Indian origin and coming to Indian settled down there, became distinctively Indian in the course of a few generations, such as Christians, Jews, Parsis, Moselms ; Indian converts to some of these religious never ceased to be Indians in spite of a change of faith.

Questions1. When was the ideal of the modern nation non-existent ?

2. What bond bound the people together in ancient and medieval India ?

3. How would an Indian feel in any other country ?

4. How did people non- Indian origin become distinctively Indian ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What do you understand by “The Variety and Unity of India”.

Ans. ‘The Variety and Unity of India’ means that India is a land where people of different religions and languages live but their outlook towards life and its problems is the same.

Q2. What things does Pandit Nehru mention as examples of India’s tremendous unity ?

Ans. India is a country of diversities. In spite of diversities it has tremendous unity. Pandit Nehru has given examples of the Pathans of North – West Frontier area and the Tamils of the far South to show it.

Q3. What things make the diversity of Indian obvious according to Pt. Nehru ?

Ans. India is a country of diversity. People speak different languages. They follow different religions. Physical appearances, habits and mental tendencies of the people make the diversity of Indian clear.

Q4. What was Taxila famous for in ancient India according to Jawaharlal Nehru ?

Ans. In the olden days Taxila was a famous city in the frontier border land. The famous university of Taxila was in this region. It was a famous centre of education in ancient times.

Q5. What is Nehru’s view of India ? What features of the country appealed to him most ?

Ans. Nehru has a personal view of a strong, united and progressive India. The snow-capped Himalayas and the beautiful valley of Kashmir full or natural beauty most appeal to him.

Q6. How do we know that the North –West Frontier area was one of the strong holds of Indian culture ?

Ans. Ruins of monuments, monasteries and the great university of Taxila are now before us. They tell us clearly that the North – West Frontier area was one of the strongholds of Indian culture.

Q7. What is the speciality of Indian culture ?

Ans. Tolerance of belief is the main thing of the Indian culture. Foreign influences poured in and influenced the Indian culture but they were absorbed. Different customs were practiced. Every variety was acknowledged and encouraged.

Q8. What do you understand by “The Variety and Unity of India” ?

Ans. ‘The Variety and Unity of India’ means that India is a land where people of different religions and languages live but their outlook towards life and its problems is the same.

9. A DIALOGUE ON CIVILIZATION

(1) Anyway we have discovered some of the things that count as being civilization making beautiful things, thinking freely and thinking new things, and keeping the rules, without which people couldn’t get on together. Grown – ups call the first of these thing art, second science and philosophy, and the third political justice and ethics. Now these things may not be all civilization is, but anyway they will do to go on with.

(2) But all sorts of people I have read about, like the Caliphs and Princes in the Arabian Nights, had splendid things, palaces and silks and satins, and jewels, scents and gorgeous clothes, and wonderful carpets, and lovely things to eat and drink, and slaves to wait on them. Weren’t they civilized?

(3) This is what the Romans did, they used to eat enormous meals, and when they could n’t eat any more they took something to make them sick .then when they were empty. they began to eat again ,but I don’t call that being civilized do you .

(4) Most people who have thought for themselves have been told that it was wicked to think differently from other people .usually there have priest who have told them that if they thought this or that, the gods

Would the punish them .and people belived the priest and were afraid of the gods and thought what they were told to think .

(5) Look, how beastly you are to new girls at school who are a bit different from the others and grown –up are just the same. Now .to think freely is very often to think differently , and these things make it very difficult for people to think freely .yes as we have seen without free thinking there can be no civilization .

(6)

(7) So you see this business of being of being good has something to do with civilization and being good means acting ,justly towards your neighbor and respecting , property and obeying the laws , and perhaps other thing as well.

Comprehensive Questions on Paragraphs

(1) Well, lots of people had seen kettles boil and apples fall down before watt and Newton , yet they did

not invent anything . why not Quite. But Newton and watt did , that was the point , falling apples and boiling kettles caused them to think new thought and because they thought new thoughts men came to understand more about the world and to invent things , now although I am not sure about the things we actually invent ,I do think that this buissness of thinking new thought , whether they lead to inventions or not is a sign of being civilized .

Question –1. How did Newton and watt differ form other.

2. How do you think they made people wiser .

3. Who will you call a civilized being .

4. What is the underlying element that helped them do their job

(2) Well. Then let us say that using money and power just to get what you went and do , ewhat you like

although it may be very nice for a nice for a time , isn’t being civilized , in other words, civilization not just being splendid and grand and living in luxery and since most of the world who have been rich and powerful have used their money and power in this way , they ere not civilized .

Question-1. What is the character of thing , obtained by money and power according to the author .

2. Can we became cilized by using money and power if not why.

3. What do you think leading a rich life and living will make us civilized

4. How do you know civilization has been eluding us for long .give reason for your answer .

(3) Most people who have thought for themselves have been told that it was wicked to think differently from other people . Usually there have ben priest who have told them if they thought this or that , the Gods would punish them and people believed the priest and were afraid of the Gods and thought what they were told to think . and even if there had n’t been priest ,people always get disliked who think or act differently from their neighbors. Look how beastly you are to new girls at school who are a bit different from the others and grown –ups are just the same , now to think freely is very often to think differently ,and these thing make is very difficult for people to think freely .yey as ,we have seen without free thinking there can be no civilization .

Question-1.What is the first hurdle to thinking differently and freely

2. How do,priest scare people who try to think differently

3. How do Class –mates behave with the new entrant to the class.

4. Why do you think we can’t have civilization without free thinking .

(4) So should I , so would people ,anyway we have discovered some od the thing that count as being

civilized ,making beautiful things thinking freely and thinking new thing , and keeping the rules ,without which people couldn’t get on together grown-ups call the first of these things art , the second science and philosophy the third political justice and ethics .now these thing may not be all civilization but anyway they will do to go with .

Question 1. What makes one civilized .

2. What is the importance of keeping the rules of the life .

3. Where do science and philosophy come from .

4. What can keep people together .

(5) There are lot of things which are necessary before a person gets the chance for instance , he must

have security , nobody can think about think about thing if he is afraid being robbed of murdered at any moment also he must have leisure to think in and he won’t have that if he has to give all his attention to getting food to eat and clothes to wear, if that is to say ,he spends all his time earning his living and society ,which are all necessary to free thinking are necessary also to civilization .

Question 1. Why is leisure important to a person

2. What harm is there if a man spends all his time earning his living

3. What things are necessary ,before a person gets a chance for thinking

4. Besides getting food try eat and clothes to wear ,what other things are needed for growth of

civilization .

Short Answer Type Question

Q.1. Why should one treat Shakespeare ,Rapleal , Beethoven etc.

Ans We should treat Shakespeare, Raphale, Beethoven etc. important because they have produced beautiful things. Their plays, paintings and music are a sign of civilization and they give us joy.

Q2. Why does Joad think that Caliphs and Princes in the Arabian Nights were not civilized ?

Ans. Prof. Joad thinks that Caliphs and Princes in the Arabian Nights were not civilized. The reason is that the splendid and costly things possessed and enjoyed by them were not things permanent beauty.

Q3. What according to Joad are beautiful things?

Ans. Prof. Joad has given his idea of beautiful things. In his opinion only those things which are liked and loved by all the beautiful. Making of beautiful things means ‘art’.

Q4. What are the essential elements of civilizations?

Ans. The essential elements of civilization in the lesson ‘A Dialogue on Civilization’ are :

(i) thinking freely, (ii) leisure, (iii) security, (iv) obeying laws and society.

Q5. How does Joad describe the life style of Calphs and Princess in the Arabina Nights ? Were they civilized or not ?

Ans. The ‘Arabian Nights’ is a famous story – book of Arabia. The Princes and Caliphs of the book were not civilized because they only enjoyed their lives but they did nothing good for humanity.

Q6. Why do people hesitate to think and act differently from others ?

Ans. People hesitate to think and act differently from others because they are afraid of priests and gods and do not like to be civilized for thinking and act differently from others.

Q7. What are the three things necessary to free thinking as described in ‘A Dialogue on Civilization’?

Ans. The three necessary conditions for free thinking are given below :

1. Security is very essential. It is the foremost condition. People cannot think freely if they live in fear. Fear makes a man worried.

2. The people should have leisure to think freely. If they are always busy to earn their living, they cannot get time to think about new ideas.

3. People must have a social circle to speak of their new ideas.

Q8. What according to C.E.M. Joad is the proper definition of being civilized ?

Ans. According to C.E.M. Joad, true civilization cannot proper without free thinking, security, leisure and peaceful society.

10. HUNTING BIG GAME WITH THE CAMERA

(1) With the improvement in firearms, killing solely for sport became a popular form of amusement in almost all countries. Within the last half century or so rifer have become more and more perfect, with the result that killing wild animals has become so easy and certain that now it can scarcely be called sport at all. Real sport, to give true pleasure, must be the overcoming of difficulties, and so we make our game as difficult as possible in order to get great pleasure out of winning.

(2) Hunting with a camera is, as I said before, one of the finest sports, and one of the greatest things in its favour is that it involves no killing or cruelty (or it should not, at any rate), and gives trophies that are far more beautiful than any obtained with the rifle. They are trophies, moreover, that one can show with pleasure and pride, for they have cost no lives.

(3) From birds I gradually took up animals as my subjects, and was I think, one of the very first to succeed in getting really clear photographs of wild beasts. The photographs, of course, improved as camera developed. Not only was the new apparatus handler, but far more reliable.

(4) Beyond the difficulties of stalking, everything was too easy and lacking in excitement. Then, also it seemed all wrong to kill a harmless animal just for fun. I even hated to see anything shot and yet I wanted to hunt, wanted the joy of being out of door and seeing the various birds and beasts in their natural wild state, in all their natural beauty. But merely seeming them was not quite enough. I wanted to bring home some proof of what I had seen.

(5) For some unknown and very foolish reason, I was especially anxious to take a photo of a rhinoceros charging, It would be great fun – at least so I thought ! – but I have never seen one is its wild state and had no idea how large they could be (they go up to two tons in weight!). If I got such a picture it would be something entirely new. In fact no clear photos of the big beasts had ever been made, so I had the field all to myself.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) Hunting with a camera, is, as I said before, one of the finest sports, and one of the greatest things in its favour is that it involves no killing or cruelty (or it should one, at any rate), and gives trophies that are far more beautiful than any obtained with the rifle. They are trophies, moreover, that one can show with pleasure and pride, for they have cost no lives.

Question1. How can you hunt without hunting animals ?

2. Which trophies are more beautiful than those achieved with a rifle ?

3. What do you understand by trophies ?

4. Which trophies can you show with pleasure and pride ?

(2) In my mind I had a great scheme – nothing less, in fact, than a trip to East Africa, to go safari (a world scarcely known in England in those days, thirty years ago). I would photograph all sorts of terrible wild beasts : lion, buffalo, elephant, rhino, and others besides the many harmless sorts, such as antelope, zebra and giraffe. It was a great idea and I was filled with excitement at the thought of it. Before undertaking it, however, I felt it necessary to get still better cameras, and to practice continually so that I might be sure of getting good results.

Question1. What scheme did the writer have in mind ?

2. Which animals did the writer want to photograph?

3. What made the writer excited ?

4. What did the writer consider necessary for getting good result ?

(3) The great monster looked as big as a house. To make sure that he would be in sharp focus, I have to keep my eyes on the ground – glass and keep changing the focus as he came nearer. When the charging mass of bad temper was fifteen yards away, I pressed the shutter release and took the first photograph of the kind ever made. Clark at the moment in sheer desperation, for the animal was very close and still coming of full speed, fired a shot – not to kill of course, but just to try to make him turn.

Question1. Why does the writer call the animal a monster ?

2. Why does the writer describe the animal as “the charging mass of bad temper ?

3. Why was the narrator waiting for the animal to come nearer and nearer ?

4. Why did Clark fire a shot at the animal ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What, according to the writer, are the advantages of shooting with a camera ?

Ans. According to the writer, shooting with a camera is one of the finest sport because it is harmless. In it innocent animals are not killed for fun. It is more thrilling and exciting to see and to photograph them in all their natural beauty than killing them.

Q2. How did man hunt in the beginning?

Ans. A first man hunted animals with heavy sticks or clubs or spears. Then be hunted with weapons of stones and bones. Later he hunted with bows and arrows and then with weapons of metals.

Q3. What, according to the wirter, is one of the greatest things in favour of hunting with a camera ?

Ans. According to the writer one of the greatest things in favour of hunting with a camera is that the animal or bird is not killed. It is safe for the hunter as well as the hunted.

Q4. What problems in the handling of old camers have been pointed out by Major Dugmore ?

Ans. The cameras available then were heavy and crude. They could not be easily taken from one place to another. Their lenses, plates and film were slow moving. They stopped working at the most critical moments.

Q5. Describe the taking of the first successful photograph of the lioness by the author.

Ans. After waiting for many nights, the writer found a lioness standing before him. It stood still and looked straight into his eyes. He pressed the flashlight. In this way he took the photo.

11. THE HORSE

(1) The creator had spent in its making enough of such stuff as the air and the sky are made of. The result was that its mind was full of the desire for freedom. It would run a race with the wind, it would dash to the point where sky touched earth. Other animals ran with a purpose but the horse raced about for no apparent reason, as though it were eager to fly away from its ownself. It did not fight, it did not pounce on a prey, but loved only to run and to run.

(2) The Creator snswered, ‘I have had enough of it. Take the creature back to your stable.’

Man said, But, Father, what a burden it wll be to me!’

The Creator answered, ‘Yes, but by accepting the burden you will show your greatness of heart’.

(3) Other animals ran with a purpose, but the horse raced about for no apparent reason, as though it were eager to fly away from its own self. It did not fight, it did not pounce on a prey, but loved only to run and to run. Wise men say that such a thing happens when you have too much of the wind and sky stuff in you.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) This time the Creator took care to employ only a little of the harder materials. To the new animal He made, He gave neither horns nor claws ; He gave it teeth that could chew but not bite. The energy He gave it was enough to make it useful on the battlefield, but He gave it no taste of its own for battles. The animal came to be known as the horse.

Questions1. What are the did the Creator, take to make the new animal ?

2. What did He do to make the new animal harmless ?

3. How was the new animal useful on the battle – field ?

4. What name was given to the new animal ?

(2) When life became unbearable, it kicked widely at its prison, walls. That this less injry to the wall than to hrose’s hoofs. But after constant kicks, bits of plaster began to fall off. It made man angry. ‘This is what I call ingratitude, ‘ he said ; ‘I feed it, I have engaged servents to look after it; but the wretched animal does not see my kindness.’

Questions1. How do you know that the horse was very angry ?

2. What injured the horse’s hoofs ?

3. What arrangements had the Man made for the horse ?

4. How did the Man react to the horse’s behaviour ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Why did Creator grow red with shame when he saw the horse from heaven ?

Ans. When God saw the horse from heaven hopping like a frog in the stable of man, He grew red with shame and realized his mistake in creating the horse.

Q2. Why did man think of capturing the horse ?

Ans. Man thought of capturing the horse so that the might shift his burden on to its back.

Q3. What special care did the Creator take in making the horse according to Rabindranath Tagore ?

Ans. The Creator took special care to employ only a little of the harder material in making the horse. As a result of it horse got a lot of energy to run.

Q4. Why was the Creator distruessed after creating the horse ?

Ans. When the Creator saw the miserable condition of the horse neighbing piteously. He was distressed as He made the horse with special attention and He loved his creation.

Q5. Why did the Creator think that the creation of the horse was a blunder ?

Ans. The Creator thought that the creation of the horse was a blunder because He made if for the open field but it hopped like a frog.

Q6. What did the man do with the horse before keeping it confined in a prison ?

Ans. Before keeping the horse confined in a prison man cast his nets and captured it. Then he put a saddle on its back and a curb in its mouth.

Q7. What traits did the Creator assign to the special creature He created, as given in the lesson, The Horse ?

Ans. The Creator assigned the following traits to the special creature :

1. God gave the horse energy to run endlessely and aimlessly.

2. He made it harmless and useful

3. He gave it teeth that could chew but not bite.

4. He made it useful for battles but did not give it a taste for fighting.

5. He made its mind full of desire for freedom.

12. I AM JOHN’S HEART

(1) I’m not demanding type. I’ll do the best I can for John under any circumstances. Just the same I wish he would give me a few breaks ; slim down a bit, take regular exercise, relax a little more, cut down on fats and smoking. If he would take regular exercise, relax a little more, cut down on fats and smoking. If he would only do these things. I could keep on working for John for a long time.

(2) From time to time he will be sitting at his desk working and will get a sharp pain in the chest. He fears that he is about to have a heart attack. He needn’t worry. That pain comes from his digestive tract – payment for the heavy meal eaten a couple of horse earlier. When I am in trouble, I usually send out a pain signal only after undue exertion or emotion. That’s the way I tell him I am not getting enough nourishment to cope with the work he is loading on to me.

(3) After a nightmare he sometimes wakes up and worries because I am reacting. That’s because when he runs in his dreams, I run too. John’s worries actually aggravate things – make me go still faster. If he would calm down, so would I. But if he can’t, there is a way to slow me down.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) Smoking is another thing. John smokes 40 cigarettes a day – which means he may be absorbing quite an amount of nicotine every 24 hours. This is a pretty violent stuff. It constricts arteries – particularly in the hands and feet – which raises the pressure against which I must work. It also stimulates me so that I beat more rapidly; a cigarette increases my beat from a normal 72 into the 80’s. John tells himself that it is too late to give up smoking – that the damage is done. But, if he could get rid of constant nicotine stimulation, things would be easier for me.

Questions 1. What type of substance does John absorb every 24 hours ?

2. From where are the arteries constricted ?

3. How does a cigarette affect heartbeat ?

4. How can things improve for an addict ?

(2) No one could say I’m a beauty. I weigh 340 grams, am red – brown in colour, and have an unimpressive shape. I am John’s dedicated slave – his heart.

I bang by ligaments in the centre of his chest. I am about 15 cm long and, at my widest point, ten cm across – more pear – shaped them Valentine. Whatever you may have heart about me from poets, I am not a very romantic character. I am just a hard working four – chambered pump – actually two pumps, one to move blood to the lungs, the other to push it out into the body. Every day I pump blood through about 96,000 km of blood vessels. That’s enough pumping to fill an 18,000 litre tank.

Questions1. What is the writer talking about in the passage?

2. What is the normal weight, length and width of the heart.

3. How many chambers are there in the heart?

4. How is the heart different from what it is generally thought about?

(3) No one knows how it happens, but early in life – sometimes even at birth – fatty deposits begin to build up in the coronary arteries – Gradually , they can close an artery, or a clot may form to close it suddenly. Where an artery becomes blocked, the portion of the heart muscle it feeds dies. This leaves scar tissue – it may be no larger than a small marble, but it can be half the size of a tennis ball. How serious the trouble is, depends on the size and position of the plugged artery ?

Questions1. What sort of substances block an artery ?

2. At what stage of life is an artery likely to get blocked ?

3. How does the plugged artery affect the heart ?

4. What should we do to avoid heart attack ?

(4) I’m not demanding type. I’ll do the best I can for John under any circumstances. Just the same I wish he would give me a few breaks ; slim down a bit, take regular exercise, relax a little more, cut down on fats and smoking. If he would only do these things, I could keep on working for John for a long time.

Questions1. The world ‘I’ has been used five times in the passage. Who is this ‘I’?

2. What is meant but the phrases ‘demanding type’ ?

3. What is meant by the second sentence in the passage?

4. What should John do and what should he avoid?

(5) That brings me to John’s blood – pressure. It’s 140790 – the upper limit of normal for his age. The 140 measures the pressure I work against while contracting, and the 90 is the pressure while I am resting between beats. The lower figure in the more important. The higher that figure rise, the less rest I get. And without adequate rest a heart simply works itself to death.

There are a lot of things John could do to get his blood – pressure down to safer levels. The first is to get rid of excess weight. He would be surprised at the drop in blood – pressure that would follow.

Question1. What is the upper limit of normal blood – pressure of the middle aged people ?

2. What is the normal pressure when the heart contracts ?

3. What is the normal pressure when the heart rests between the beats ?

4. What is the danger when the heart does not get the adequate rest ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What should a man do to reduce high blood pressure ?

Ans. The following precautions are essential to reduce high blood pressure :

(a) He would avoid eating fatty substances. (b) He should slim down a little

(c) He should give up smoking. (d) He should relax. An occational nap and light reading will be useful.

Q2. What is the function of the heart? How does the heart perform it ?

Ans. According to the writer, the heart is like a pumping machine. It pumps blood first into the hungs and then it pushes the blood into the body.

Q3. How does the heart tell John that he is going to have heart attack?

Ans. When the heart is in trouble after undue exertion or emotion it sends out a pain signal. In this way the heart tells John that the is going to have a heart.

Q4. How does the heart get its nourishment?

Ans. The heart gets its nourishment from the blood. It comes through his own coronary arteries. It does not get of from the blood passing through his four chambers.

Q5. How do arteries get blocked?

Ans. Arteries get blocked when unwarnted elements are called in the heart. The collection of the unwarranted material checks the easy flow of blood. Due to this the easy flow of the blood is blocked.

Q6. What are two false notions about the heart?

Ans. The two false notions about the heart the given below :

(i) It is very romantic, and (ii) It is fragile and delicate.

Q7. What is the weak spot in the heart which is the greatest single cause of death?

Ans. The heart is fed by his own two coronary arteries. This it its weak spot. Trobule here is the greatest single cause of death.

Q8. How does J.D. Ratcliff explain that smoking is very harmful?

Ans. Smoking is injurious to health because it increases blood pressure as nicotine is a pretty violet stuff. It constricts arteries and stimulates heart. So the heart beats more rapidly.

Q9. What particular foods should the heart – patient avoid ?

Ans. A heart – patient should avoid foods that are rich in fats. Their food should be balanced. Too much use of fats should be avoided.

Q10. Who is more likely to have a higher blood pressure – a fat or a lean person ? Why ?

Ans. A fat man is more likely to have a higher blood pressure than a lean person. The reason is that the fatter is the man, the greater is the exertion on the heart to push the blood on.

13. WOMEN’S EDUCATION

(1) A purpose which held good centuries ago may not hold good today in view to the rapidly changing conditions of our country and of the world. So the purpose which you adopt in your life must be adapted to the relevant needs of the present generation.

(2) If you do not have compassion, you are not human. It is therefore, essential for every human being to develop the quality of considerateness, kindness and compassion. Without these qualities we are only human animals, nara pasu, not more than that.

(3) “………. It is essential that the education which you acquire in these institutions should give you not merely learning and skill but endow you with a definite purpose in lfie. What the purpose is you have to define yourselves. It is said that Vidya gives you Viveka, Vimarsrupini Vidya gives you a sense of what is right and helps you to avoid what is wrong. You must try, therefore, to find out what is required of you in this generation.

(4) You are living in an age when there are great opportunities for women in social work, public lfie and administration. Society requires women of disciplined mind. You will then succedd and have the joy of your work.

(5) Compassion, daya, is the quality which is more characteristic of women than of men. I read recently a book which speaks about the decline of womanhood, and says that this is so because there is a decline in compassion. In other words, the natural quality of woman is compassion. If you do not have compassion, you are not human. It is therefore, essential for every human being to develop the quality of considerateness, kindness and compassion. Without these qualities you are only human animals, nara pasu, not more than that.

(6) Actually in our country, education, so far as girls’ education is concerned, is not widespread enough. So every institution which contributes to the education of girls is worthy of recognition and encouragement. But I am anxious that the kind of education that is imparted must not only be broad but should also be deep. We are lacking in depth. We may become learned and skilled but if we do not have some kind of purpose in our life, our lives themselves become blind, blundering and bitter.

(7) After Independence, through the exertions of Mahatma Gandhi, a revolution has been effected in our country, and women are coming into their own.

(8) When you talk about education, you have several aims in view : give the people, those who are taught, knowledge of the world in which they live – science, history and geography enable you to get that knowledge; you also train the peop0le to acquire some technical skill by which they can earn a livelihood.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) In ancient times, our women had the ceremony of Upanayana performed for them. They were entitled to a study of the Vedas. They were also emitted to the chanting of the gayatri japa. All these things were open to our women. But our civilization became arrested and one of the main signs of that decay of our civilization is the subjection of women.

Questions1. What place did our women occupy in ancient India? Give examples.

2. What accounts for the decay of our civilization, according to S. Radhakrishnan ?

3. What did Mahatma Gandhi do to bring about a revolution in our society after Independence?

4. What is meant by the statement ‘women are coming into their own ?

5. Why did our civilization cases to make progress ?

6. How can it be said that women of ancient India were well educated ?

(2) You are living in an age when there are great opporutinites for women in social work, public life and administration. Society requires women of disciplined minds and restrained manners. Whatever line of work you undertake, you should bring to it an honest, disciplined mind. You will then succeed and have the joy of your work.

Questions1. What type of age are women living today ?

2. What type of women does the society require ?

3. What should you do while doing a job to make a living for yourself ?

4. When can you get the joy of your work ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What are the opportunities available to women in our times ?

Ans. There are great opportunities for women in our time. They can do social work, take part in public life and occupy administrative posts and other services.

Q2. What kind of women does the society need today ?

Ans. Today the society needs women of discipline minds and restrained manners.

Q3. What is the importance of the study of classics in shaping the personality of the persons of our society ?

Ans. The study of classics is very important. They have many thrilling stories. These stories instill into us great moral strength. They lay down for us the line on which we have to conduct ourselves.

Q4. What were the things women were entitled to in ancient India ?

Ans. In ancient India women were entitled to study of the Vedas. They were also entitled to the chanting of the Gayatri japa. They had the ceremony of the Upnayana performed for them.

Q5. What constitutes the essence of the good life ?

Ans. Self – control, charity and compassion are the three important qualities of a valuable life.

Q6. What according to Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, are the three important qualities of a valuable life ?

Ans. Self – control, charity and compassion are the three important qualities of a valuable life.

Q7. What kind of education does Dr. Radhakrishnan recommended and why ?

Ans. Dr. Radhakrishnan recommends that education should be broad and deep because an aimless education serves no purpose.

14. THE HERITAGE OF INDIA

(1) Politically and economically India faces many problems of great difficulty, no one can forecast her future with any certainty. But it is safe to predict that, whatever the future may be, the Indians of coming generation will not be unconvincing and self – conscious copies of Europeans, but will be men rooted in their traditions, and aware of the continuity of their culture.

(2) Caste is vanishing, the process began long ago, but its pace is now so rapid that the more objectionable features pf caste may have disappeared within a generation or so. The old family system is adapting itself to present – day conditions. In fact the whole face of India is alterning, but the cultural tradition continues and it will never be lost.

(3) Hindu civilization will, we believe, retain its continuity. The Bhagwad Gita will not cease to inspire men of action, and the Upanishads, men of thought. The charm and graciousness of the India way of life will continue, however much affected it may be by the labour saving devices of the West. People will still love the tales of the heroes of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and the loyes of Dushyanta and Shakuntala and Pururava and Urvasi.

(4) Girls may not be law be married in childhood. In buses and trains all over India, Brahmans rub shoulders with the lowest castes without consciousness of grave pollution and the temples are open to all by law. Caste is vanishing ; the process began long ago, but its pace is now so rapid that the more objectionable features of caste may have disappeared within a generation or so.

(5) His championing of women’s rights is also the result of Western influence. In his social context, he was always rather an innovator than a conservative. Though some of his colleagues thought his programme of limited social reform too slow, he succeeded in shifting the whole emphasis of Hindu thought towards a popular and equlitarian social order, in place of the hierarchy of class and caste.

(6) The quite and gentle happiness which has at all times pervaded Indian life where oppersion, disease and poverty have not overclouded it will surely not vanish before the more hectic ways of the West.

Comprehension Questions on Paras

(1) In buses and trains all over India Brahamans rub shoulders with the lowest castes without consciousness of gave pollution, and the temples are open to all by law. Caste is vanishing, the process began long ago, but its pace is now so rapid that the more objectionable features of caste may have disappeared within a generation or so. The old family system is adapting itself to present – day conditions. In fact the whole face of India is altering, but the cultural tradition continues and it will never be lost.

Questions1. What goes to prove that caste is disappearing fast in India ?

2. How is the old family system adapting itself to the present – day needs ?

3. How can you say that the whole face of India is altering ? Give a few examples.

4. What goes to prove that India still maintains the continuity of her cultural heritage and will continue to do so ?

(2) Ram Mohan Roy had sounded the theme with his passionate advocacy of social reform ; Vivekananda repeated it with a more nationalist timbre, when he declared that the highest form of service of the Great Mother was social service. Other great Indians, chief of whom was Mahatma Gandhi, developed the theme of social service as a religious duty, and the development continues under Gandhi’s successors.

Questions 1. Which social reforms did Ram Mohan Roy advocate ?

2. What did Vivekananda repeat after Ram Mohan Roy ?

3. Which is the highest form of service of the Great Mother ?

4. What importance did Mahatma Gandhi give to the doctrine of social service ?

5. Which sort of development continued under Gandhi’s successors ?

(3) Today there are few Indians, whatever their creed, who do not look back with pride on their ancient culture, and there are few intelligent Indians who are not willing to sacrifice some of its effete elements so that India may develop and progress. Politically and economically India faces many problems with great difficulty, and no one can forecast her future with any certainty. But it is safe to predict that, whatever the future may be, the Indians of coming generations will not be unconvincing and self – conscious copies of Europeans, but will be men rooted in their traditions, and aware of the continuity of their culture.

Questions1. What are the two types of Indians ?

2. What is needed for India’s development and progress ?

3. Why can one not forecast about India’s future with certainty ?

4. What can be said of the India’s of coming generations ?

(4) Mahatma Gandhi was looked on by many, both Indian and European, as the epitome of Hindu tradition, but this is a false judgement for he was much influenced by Western ideas. Gandhi belived in the fundaments of his ancient culture, but his passionate love of underdog and his antipathy to caste, though not unprecedented in ancient India, were unorthodox in the extreme, and owed more to European 19th century liberalism than to anything Indian. His faith in non- violence was, as we have seen, by no means typical of Hindusim – his predecessor in revolt, the able Maratha far more orthodox in this respect. For Gandhi’s pacifism we must look to the Sermon an the Mount and to Tolsoty. His championing of women’s rights is also the result of western influence.

Questions1. What false notion about Mahatma Gandhi is held by many Indians and Europeans, according to the writer ?

2. What was Gandhi’s attitude towards India culture ?

3. What did Gandhi, owe to the 19th century liberalism of Europe ?

4. Why does the writer say that Gandhi’s faith in non- violence was by no means typical of Hinduism ?

(5) Hindu civilization will, we believe, retain its contunity. The Bhagawat Gita will not cease to inspire men of action, and the Upanishads, men of thought. The charm and graciousness of the Indian way to lfie will continue, however much affected it may be by the labour saving devices of the West. Peole will still love tales of the heores of the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and of the loves of Dushyanta and Shakuntala and Pururava and Urvashi. The quiet and gentle happiness which has at all times pervaded Indian life where oppressions, disease and poverty have not overclouded. It will surely not vanish before the more hectic ways of the West.

Questions1. What is the author’s opinion about the future of Hindu civilization ?

2. Who does the ‘Bhagawat Gita’ and ‘Upanishads’ motivate ?

3. What has sustained the people of India in toubled times ?

4. How does the Indian was of life differ from that of the West ?

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What did Ram Mohan Roy advocate ?

Ans. Ram Mohan Roy advocated social reform.

Q2. What according to Vivekananda was the highest form of service of the Great Mother ?

Ans. According to Vivekananda the highest form of service of the Great Mother was social service.

Q3. What does the heritage of the India consist of ?

Ans. The heritage of India consists of Hindu culture and its cultural traditions, books like the Gita, the Upanishads, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, love stories of ancient legends and peaceful life.

Q4. What does A.L. Basham mean when he says that “Hindu civilization will retain its continuity” ?

Ans. A.L. Basham was a great admirer of Hindu civilization. It was his firm confiction that it would perish. So he said, “Hindu civilization will retain its continuity”. By this he meant that Hindu civilization would never perish.

Q5. How will Hindu civilization retain its continuity ?

Ans. Hindu civilization will retain its continuity if people study the Gita, the Upanishads, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and enjoy the love stories of Dushyanta and Shakuntala as well as of Pururava and Urvasi.

Q6. Did Gandhiji believe in the fundaments of the ancient Indian culture ? What is Gandhiji’s contribution to India’s culture ?

Ans. Gandhiji believed in fundaments of the ancient Indian culture. Gandhiji did not like the caste system. He opposed it. He had passionate love for the poor. Thus he gave Indian culture new direction and new life.

Q7. What grounds does the wirter give to prove that ‘Gandhi was much influenced by western ideas ?

Ans. Gandhiji was not a conservative, he was a liberal. His thinking was influenced by the “Sermon on the Mount” and the writings of Tolsoty. His championing of women’s rights was the result of Western influence.

Q8. What contribution did Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda make to the India society ?

Ans. Ram Mohan Roy had sounded the theme of social reform with his passionate timbre. Swami Vivekananda repeated the theme of social reform with a more nationalist timbre.

Light of Asia

Q1- What disturbed the calm of prince Siddharth, s mind

Ans- On resding the inspiring the long poem “ The Light Of Asia” by “Sir Edwin Arnold” we came to know that Prince Siddhartha was the son of Suddhodhana , the of the city of Kapilvastu , in the childhood of the prince king Suddhodhana provide him a peaceful palace living in the peaceful palace . Provided by king Suddhodhana , the prince Siddhartha was the hero of the poem was passing the day of life comfortably in the company of the beautiful wife Yashodara . he was feeling limitless joy in his heart because everything of luxury was available in the pleasurful palace .sorrows and pains were not allowed in the pleasurful palace ,like an innocent child ,he was out of worldly knowledge .he know neither old age nor sickness nor death nor pain nor need .

One day Prince Siddhartha was sitting in the room of the pleasurful palace with his young companions .in the same time an incident took place .suddenly a guest of wind came from the right direction and entered in to the room through the window .by chance a musical instrument called Veena’ was lying on the window still. The guest of wind touched the string of the Veena so a sweat and melodious music came out from theVeena , lying on the window sell . These people who were sitting around prince Siddhartha heard only sweet music but prince Siddhartha realized as through Devtas were playing on Veena .

Playing on Veena devtas were giving a message to Prince Siddhartha . in the message they were warning him that he was born for the shake of humanity ,not to pass the days of his life comfortably in the pleasurful palace . in the massage ,Devtas told Prince Siddhartha that in the absence of religion and faith ,humanity is crying outside of pleasurful place but there was none to help the needy and painful . in the absence of wisdom the people of all over the world were in dark they did not know the reality of life because they all were selfish and self centered . on hearing the message given by Devtas prince Siddhartha was not only disturb but also he felt uneasy in his mind .

On day ,while he was sitting with his beautiful wife Yashodara ,Chitra the maid servant of prince Siddharthatold him a story .in the story from the tongue of Chitra , prince Siddhartha desired to ride on the magic horse so Chitra

Was forced to tell him that there was no reality in magic horse . they reply from the tongue of Chitra gave him discomfort and uneasiness .

On that night While Prince Siddhartha was sleeping with his beautiful wife YSashodara he suddenly cried out,

“My World !O World ! I hear ! I Know ! I Come !” on hearing the cry Yashodhara sleeping besides him work up any made him awake .she asked the reason of his cry at the time of midnight .since prince Siddhartha loved his wife very much ,he began to smile and told her that it was nothing but a dream so that she might feel consolation in her heart .

In nut shell ,the message given by Devtas in Venna and the story from the tongue of Chitra disaturbed the calm of

Siddhartha mind even in the pleasurful palace.

Q2- Describe the first visit of Prince Siddhartha

Ans - After the decoration of the city of kapilvastu Prince Siddhartha was allowed to go outside of the pleasurful palace so a beautiful chariot driver by four oxen of white colour was well decorated Prince Siddhartha sat in the middle of the chariot moved forward , the main gate of the pleasuful palace was opened .

As and when the Chariot moved forword outside of the palace the public storedom on the bothside of the road was smiling and laughing and they all were throwing the garland of the flower anf buckets of flowers on the chariot of the Prince ,Among them there was a boy of seven who was also laughing and smiling and throwing and garland ,of flowers on the chariot of the Prince .seeing the pleasuful of Prince Siddhartharemarked . “Really the world was joyful”.

With Channa Prince Siddhartha made a tour throughout the city and stay decoration of the city of Kapilvastu . the Decoration of the city draw the eyes of Prince Siddhartha to words itself .

Seeing the Beauty of the city Prince Siddhartha called out “Really the world was Beautiful” AT end of his first visit Prince Siddhartha saw an old man ,learning on his stick and putting in torn clothes ,seeing an old man ,crossing the road , Prince Siddhartha asked Channa What that objects was Channa the Chariot of the Prince

Told that object was nothing but an old man .

On hearing the reply from the tongue of Channa Prince Siddhartha was deeply moved with pity the misery of old man touches the soft coat of his heart he at once ordered Channa to return the pleasurful palace again .

Thus , in brief this was the first visit of Prince Siddhartha to the city of Kapilvastu .

Q3- It is enough to mine eyes have seen enough who say and why ,OR

Reproduce the feeling of Prince Siddhartha after seeing the stick old and dead man

Ans- Prince Siddhartha , the son of king Sudhodhana lived in a pleasurful palace like an innocent child .he was passing the days of life with his beautiful wife Yashidhara and young companions .he was out of worldly knowledge .he knew neither old age ,nor disease, nor death ,nor pain ,nor want ,nor need in the palace because sorrows and pains were not allowed to enter the pleasureful palace .seeing the misery of old ,the sick and the people walking behind the dead man , Prince Siddhartha cried, “it is enough , mine eyes have seen enough, at the end of his first visit to the city of Kapilvastu , Prince Siddharthasaw an old man .seeing the miseries of old man Prince Siddhartha felt boundless grief in his heart . the poor condition of the old man touched the soft heart of the Prince .in the night the neither took food properly nor soundly because the sight oh the old man was teasing him very much .

Prince Siddhartha , a kind hearted man saw a old man , lying in the dust , crying for the help besides . the bridge

Of the city .during the second visit to the city of Kapilvastu , the poor condition of the sick man moved the heart of Prince Siddhartha with pity . Prince Siddhartha saw that a large number of people were coming and going over the bridge but they had no time to pay their attention towards the man lying in the dust , crying for the help .inspite of hearing the cries of the man they all were unefected with the misery of the sick man . the sight of the sickman gave not only discomfort but also uneasiness to the heart of Prince Siddhartha

At the end of his second visit Prince Siddhartha saw probation of a dead body. he asked channa what they are doing on the bank of river . On hearing the question from the tongue of Prince Siddhartha Channa replied that it was probation of a dead body. In his reply, like philosopher Channa told him that death in the truth of life , nothing of the world is immortal .death like python swallows every living crater if the world . the goal of removed the curtain before the eyes of the prince . On hearing the reply, Prince Siddhartha remarked, “veil is rent which blinded me”.

Since ha had seen the three stages of human life he suddenly called out, it is enough mine eyes have seen enough.

Q4- What were the seven visions seen by Prince Siddhartha in his dream

Ans- On seeing the miseries of society Prince Siddhartha neither slept soundly nor look comfort in the night king Suddhodhana saw seven horrible vision his dream .they were as following –

(1) A FLAG - In his first vision of his dream Suddhodhana saw a flag .in the middle of the flag there was a golden mark of Indra , suddenly a guest of wind came from the right direction tore the flag and eastern way .

(2) TEN ELEPHANT - In the second vision on his dream king Suddhodhana saw ten elephant .they were rude and Prince Siddhartha was sitting on the most elephant .those elephant were coming from the southern way .

(3) A CAR - A car driven by four horses of white colors was the third vision of the dream seen by king Suddhodhana . in the middle of the chariot Prince Siddhartha was sitting .white smoke was coming out from the nostrils of these horse and home like fire was coming out from their mouth . This was the third vision of the dream .seen by king Suddhodhana .

(4) A WHEEL - A wheel was the fourth vision of the dream of king Suddhodhana. The centre of the wheel was made of gold .the wheel was rotating very fast. at time of rotating the wheel was producing light and sound from its nucleus this was fourth vision of king Suddhodhana .

(5) A HUGE DRUM - In the fifth vision of his dream , king Suddhodhana’ s saw a huge drum which was kept in between the hill and city . having an iron red in his hand Prince Siddhartha was beating the drum bitterly A Thunder voice was coming out from the drum .the people of all over the city were the hearing the thunder voice of the drum . this was the fourth vision of the dream of king Suddhodhana.

(6) A TALL TOWER - In the sixth vision of the dream king Suddhodhana saw a tall tower , Prince Siddhartha was standing on top of the tall tower Prince Siddhartha was throwing precious jewels and thing in all the direction . in all the direction ,people fall over the city were picking precious jewels and thing thrown by the

Prince Siddhartha .

(7) SIX MAN - In the seven vision of his dream king Suddhodhana saw six man . these six man were weeping bittery . this was the seven vision of king Suddhodhana’s dream .

Thus ,in the brief these wer the seven vision seen by king Suddhodhana

Q5- What was the explanation of seven visions seen by king Suddhodhana in his dream

Ans - In the next morning when king Suddhodhana awake he though about the seven vision . thinking all about them he realized than some evil accidents were about to be happened in his royal family so he called all the wisest dream readers of his kingdom and presented the seven horrible visions before them them for explanation but the matter of sadness was that there was no wisest dream reader who could explain the meaning of seven horrible visions. At last a saint came to the palace of king Suddhodhana and assured him that seven horrible visions seen by him were seven joys. He explained the meaning of a flag ,ten elephant , a car, the wheel a huge drum, a tall tower and six men as following.

(1) A Flag : - The sent explained the meaning of the flag seen by king shudhodhan is his first vision that the Flag was the mark of old culture and custom. It was the sign of luxury and delight. In this explanation the saint told the king that the old culture and custom would get end and they would be replace with new civilization.

(2) Ten Elephant: - According to the saint, ten elephants, in the second vision of the dream of king Shuddhodhana were the mark of wisdom. With the help of wisdom the prince would leave the kingdom and walk all over the world. He would reward the earth with the power of his wisdom. He could teach the lessons of honesty and truth to the people of the world.

(3) A Car: - The saint explained the meaning of the car driven by four horses of white colour, seen by king Suddhodhana in the third vision of his dream. In the union of the saint the four horses were four feariess virtues. With the help of four fearless virtues the prince would obtain more and more knowledge of the world.

(4) The Wheel: - In the view of the saint, the wheel, seen by king Suddhodhana in his dream was a perfect law. Prince Siddhartha himself would rotate the wheel and teach the lesson of perfect law to the people all over the world.

(5) A Huge Drum: - A huge drum was the fifth vision of the dream of king Suddhodhana. The saint told as the people of the city were hearing the thunder voice coming out from the huge drum, in the same way people all over the world would hear the powerful teachings and preaching’s from the tongue of Prince Siddhartha.

(6) A Tall Tower: - The saint’s explanation about the tall tower seen by king Suddhodhana in the six vision was that, as the people of the world were coming and picking up the precious jewels and jams thrown by Prince Siddhartha from the top of the tall tower in all the directions in the same way people all over the world would come and admit the precious teaching and preaching of Prince Siddhartha.

(7) Six Men: - The saint explained the meaning of six men, weeping bitterly were six chief teacher. Since they all were out knowledge. With the knowledge given by Prince Siddhartha they would also be able to teach the lessons of honesty and truth to the people of the world.

Thus, in nut shell, these were the explanations of seven visions seen by king Shuddhodhana in his dream. The saint warned the king that all these incident would take place with in seven days.

Maneesh Rastogi 09359954900

SHORT STORIES

Short Stories Important Questions

(1) Why was the author so keen to have a Penpal ?

(2) Why did the author ask Alice to send him her photograph?

(3) How was the face of Bob recognized by the constable in the dark?

(4) Why and how did Jimmy get Bob arrested?

(5) Who was Amina ? Who slapped her and why.

(6) How could the astrologer get rid of the fear her was troubled with?

(7) What perturbed Gyan Babu one evening?

PEN PAL

Question: Why did Alice H. become pen pal of the author? How did she need her identity to him ?

Answer: The story pen pal iderised by C.S. Rao tells us that the writer had a penpal named miss Alic H. siving at Los Angles, in caliphurnia of America when the author’s was a college student of twenty one years old. He would sec layer envelopes, packets parcels, imagazines, gifts and Christmas gifts in the hand of his friends. Those itoms were sent by their hand of his friends. Those itoms were sent by their pen pals living in the foreign countries. One day sitting pen. Pals living in the forgein countries. On day sitting in his college library he was reading a popular magazine prescribed from Bombay. In a column of the magazine there was a number. Of addresses of those foregners who wanted to have their pen pals in India. The writer selected an address of miss Alice. H.

Since the writer was a boy of shy nature he had no courage to make his eyes four with any girl of the college. By chathode from. The tongue of a college girl, he had come to know that girls like the letters on pink sheet so he bought a costly pink pad.

At the time of writing the letter, he had to face a number of problems. Because of his shy nature, he had never. Talked with any girl in his life so he had no matter to write in. He had to writer the leter in englihs. But English was not his mother tongue. He had to avoid grammatical mistake. Having completed the letter in short he went to the post office. While he as dropping the letters into the mail. He reaised as though he were facing the bullet of his enemy. His heart beating was stopped for a while. His hands and feet were number crossing a number of occians the letter reached the address of miss Alice H. When she received the letter, she was astonished because, she had never desired to have a pen pal in her life. Opening the letter she read the content in and come to know that the writer was in need of a pen pal in America. Since she was helpful to the needy and painful, she admitted the proposal by the writer.

Thus, the coming and the going of the letters continued for ever in between the writer and miss Alice. H. Like his friends the writer also began to receive a number of articles from his pen pal. Betting the parcels, envelopes, gifts, Christmas gifts sent by miss Alice. H. the author made a building of imagination in his be mind about his pen pal. In his imagination his pen pal must be the richest and the most beautiful American girl so he grow in his mind. Because of being a boy of shy nature. He was not in position to ask her age directly. So he wrote a letter demanding her photograph. So that he might know her age and features.

After passing some days she replied the letter saying that her photograph was not available that movement. It would be sent to him after some time because she disliked to demolish the building of his imagination. She added that an average.

American girl was more chick than she. Her statement shows that she wanted to hide her identity on the otherhand the writer was trying his best to know all about his pen pal. In his opinion, it was a famous Indian game of hide and seek in between them. The story is a parady on Indian youth.

1. PEN PAL

Q.1. Why was the author so keen to have a pen pal.

Ans- The author was so keen to have a pen pal because several boys and girls of his class had pen pals in foreign countries, and to have a pen pal was the fashion of the day.

Q.2. What was the effect of Alice’s first letter on the author

Ans- Alice’s first letter made the author so happy that he read it again and again. it had all the music of life , he felt that he was in seventh heaven .

Q.3. What led the author to ask for a picture of Alice .

(OR) Why did the author ask Alice to send him her photograph .

(OR) Why was the author very keen to have a photograph of his ‘PEN PAL’ .

Ans- Alice wrote long letters to the author. But she never wrote any definite thing about her own life .so the author asked for her photo to have an idea of her age and appearance.

Q.4. Why did Alice not send a picture immedently.

Ans- Alice was an old lady and her pen pal was a young college student .she did not like to hurt his feelings. so she did not send her picture immediately lest he should be disappointed to know the reality .

Q.5. Why did Alice advise her friend to send her photograph to the author only after she (Alice ) was dead .

Ans- Alice advised her friend to send her photograph to the author only after she was dead because she did not want to hurt the feeling of his pen pal who thought her young and beautiful.

Q.6. Where did Alice live , How did she die .

(OR) Who was the author’s pen pal and how did she die.

Ans- Alice was the author’s pen pal. She lived in los angles in California state of the U.S.A. .She died in an accident when she was returning from the church as she could not see the fast speeding car .

Q.7. Where did Alice live , How did she become a pen pal .

Ans - Alice was a rich American lady who lived in Los Angles in California State of the U.S.A. The author picked out the address of Alice form a magazine and wrote to her to be his pan pal . Alice wrote back accepting the proposal. Thus she became a pen pal of the writer.

2. AFTER TWENTY YEARS

Q1. What lesson do you learn from the story ‘After Twenty Years’?

Ans. The story tells us that sometimes a good man changes into a bad one. An evil-doer can be punished. The two friends adopted different courses of life. Thus change is the law of life.

Q2. What was the truth revealed to the author after twenty years ?

Ans. After twenty years the author came to know that his pen pal, Miss Alice was generous, kind and sympathetic. She was 78 years old when she was crushed by a speeding car while returning from the church. She was a lone bird. Helping others ‘known or unkonwn’ was her hobby.

Q3. How was the face of Bob recognized by the constable in the dark of night ?

Ans. Bob was standing in the doorway of a harware store. When he struck a match to light his cigar, the policeman saw his face. In this way he was able to recognize the face of Bob in the dark of night.

Q4. Why did Jimmy conceal his identity from Bob ? How did he get him arrested ?

OR Why and how did Jimmy get Bob arrested?

Ans. Jimmy went to meet his friend Bob at the appointed place. But when he came to know that his friend was wanted by the Chicago Police, he did not disclose his identity. After leaving the place he sent another policeman in plain clothes to get him arrested.

Q5. What is Bob’s estimate of Jimmy?

Ans. In the opinion of Bob, Jimmy was the truest, staunchest and finest man in the world. He was his best chum. He was a kind of plodder. But he was a good fellow.

Q6. When and where had the two friends parted twenty years ago ?

Ans. The two friends has parted twenty years ago at 10p.m. at Big Joe Brady’s Restaurant in New York.

Q7. Do you think Jimmy Wells behaved with Bob as he ought to have ?

Ans. Yes, what Jimmy Wells behaved with his friend Bob was justified. He was true to his duty. Personal relation is blow to an honest duty.

Q8. Who was the man to discover the Bob was wanted by the Police ?

Ans. It was Jimmy wells who discovered that Bob was wanted by the Police. The New York Police received a massage from the Chicago Police head quarters.

Q9. What is the significance of the title ‘After Twenty Years’?

Ans. The story tells us that sometimes a good man changes into a bad one. An eivl-doer can be punished. The two friends adopted different courses of life. Thus change is the law of life.

3. THE GOLD WATCH

Q1. What made Sanku decide that he had no other choice but to steal the watch?

Ans- Sanku was in debt from head to foot. he was to get just eight and a half rupees . He owned twenty. two rupees and thirteen paise . he needed some more money for his child .so he decided to steal the watch as he had no other choice.

Q.2. Why did Sanku decided that he had no other choice but to steal the watch.

Ans - Sanku was a poor worker. his needed were before him . he had no source of earning extra money . loans could not solve his problems as they had to be repaid . he had no peace of mind . so he could not get any sleep for several days .

Q.3. Why did Sanku curse himself?

(OR) How do you know that Sanku loved his wife very much.

Ans- When Sanku came to know that his wife was pregnant again and another child would come soon , he curse himself because he was unable to support his family and his income was only one rupee per day .

Q.4. What though troubled the Sanku after committing the theft .

Ans - After committing the theft Sanku was afraid of being caught . he thought that all the workers of the factory would look at him in scorn , he engineer would scold him and he would lose his job .

Q.5. What stopped Sanku from stealing the watch in the beginning?

Ans- Sanku had tried several times to steal the gold watch . but his fear and hesitation stopped him from stealing the watch in the beginning . he was afraid of being seen by someone .

Q.6. What time of the day did Sanku think was the most suitable for stealing the gold watch and Why .

Ans- Sanku thought that the lunch interval was the most suitable time for stealing the gold watch . it was so because during lunch period everybody would be out for lunch or rest .

4. DROUGHT

Q.1 Why did Gafur kill the bull

OR Who killed Mahesh and Why .

Ans Gafur hear the shriek of Amina who lay prostrate on the ground .the picture of the water was lying on the ground and the bull was sucking the water .so he killed the bull in anger .

Q.2. “Amina ,dear come let’s go”. Who says this world and where does he went to go .

Ans Gafur said these words because he realized thet threr was no place for him in the villege . he had no work . he had nothing eat . the landlord was angry .his bull was dead . so he left his villege for ever with his daughter and wanted to work in the jute mill at fullbere.

Q.3 Who was Amina , Who slapped her and why .

OR Descibe the situation when Gafor slapped Amina .

Ans Amina was the daughter of Gafur . when returned hungry ,tired and thirsty ,he asked Amina to give him some water ,when Amina said that there was no water , he became angry and slapped her .

Q.4 Who was Mahesh, How did Gafur feed him .

Ans Gafur had a bull it was Mahesh ,Gafur loved it very much .he fed it with the old straw of his thatch .on account of drought Gafur could not feed his bull properly .

Q.5 Who was Gafur , What was the name of his daughter and his bull .

Ans Gafur was a poor weaver of a mall villege Kasipur . the name of his daughter was Amniaand Mahesh was the name of his beloved bull.

Q.6 How unfair was the landlord to Gafur, what did it result in

Ans The Landlord never thought about the welfare and condition of his public and the poor . he took the whole corn as the tax from Gafur . the result was that Gafur has no face bad days .

5. THE ASTROLOGER's DAY

Q.1 What was the load that the astrologer had been keeping in his mind and how did he rid of it .

OR “Do you know a great load is gone from me today” . Who said this and why .

OR How could the Astolger get rid of the fear he was troubled with .

Ans These worlds said by the astrologer because the great load that the astrologer had been keeping in his mind that in his youth he had murdered a man . he got rid of the fear when he saw man alive in the form of a stranger client .

Q.2 What advice did the astrologer give the stranger.

OR Why did the astrologer advice the stranger never to travel southward .

Ans The astrologer advised the stranger to go back to his villege as he saw that his life was in danger .he added that the stranger should never travel southward again .

Q.3 What did Stranger tell her wife afer dinner .

.Ans After dinner the astrologer told his wife that he was very glad because the person whom he stabbed some years ago did not die and was before him in the evening and there was an agreement to answer a question correctly for a rupees .

Q.4 What did the astrologer Gugu nayak about his enemy’s death. .

Ans The Stranger’s first question was whether he could succeed in his present search or not . the astrologer told her stranger that his enemy was dead . he had died four months back in a distant town.

Q.5 How did astrologer earn his living , why was he forced to hide his idenity.

Ans The astrologer earned his living by his practical knowledge as he knew nothing of astrology. He was forces to hide his identity because he stabbed a man in his youth and pushed him into a well thinking him to be dead.

6. THE SELFISH GIANT

Q1. Why did the Giant build a high wall round his garden and put up a notice board ?

Ans. The Giant disliked to see the children playing in his garden. He said that his gardent was his own and he would allow to one else to play in it. He built a high wall round it and put up a notice saying that trespassers would be prosecuted.

Q2. Why did Giant grow angry to see the little boy ?

Ans. The Giant grew angry to see wounds on the palms and feet of the little boy. But the boy, who was really an angel, told him that those were wounds of love.

Q3. How did the children enjoy playing in the garden of the Selfish Giant ? How did the Giant react to it ? What was the result ?

Ans. The children were happy playing in the garden of Selfish Giant because it was a beautiful garden with soft green grass on it. Seeing it the Giant became angry and built a high wall around the garden, as a result the children could play no more after this event.

Q4. Where was the Giant taken after his death ? Who took him there and why ?

Ans. After his death the Giant was taken to Paradise. The little boy took him there because the Giant had allowed the little boy once to play in his garden. So the little boy took him to his garden, which was Paradise.

Q5. Give a brief description of the Giant’s garden.

Ans. The Giant’s had a garden. It was large and lovely. It had soft green grass. Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers like stars and there were twelve peach trees in it.

7. THE LOST CHILD

Q1. How did the child react to every kind offer of the gentleman?

Ans. To every kind offer of the gentleman, the child only said, “I want my mother, I want my father.”

Q2. Describe the natural beauty of the mustard fields and the child’s chase of the butterflies as given in the story ‘The Lost Child’.

Ans. The pleasure before the child that filled his eager eye was a flowering mustard field. It was pale like melting gold. It went miles and miles as if there were streams of gold. The scene was bathing in the silvery sunshine. The boy was also attracted by a group of flying dragon- flies over the flowers. He chased them in order to catch one of them.

Q3. Why didn’t the child stay for long at the place where a juggler was playing his flute to the snake in the fair?

Ans. A child was going to a fair with his parents. He saw a juggler was playing on his flue to the snake. He was separated from his parents, so he ran from one place to another.

Q4. What did the child see the juggler doing ? Why didn’t he stay there ?

Ans. In the fair, the child saw the juggler playing on his flute and dancing the snake. He did not stay there because he was worried on being separated from his parents.

Q5. What was the first demand of the child while accompanying his parent ?

Ans. A child was going to the fair with his parents. He was full of zeal and laughter. He was attracted by the toys in the shops. So he requested his parents to buy a toy for him. This was his first demand.

8. A SPECIAL EXPERIENCE

Q1. What perturbed Gyan Babu one evening?

Ans. When the Principal told Gyan Babu one evening that he should turn out the wife of the political agitator in his own interest because the Police Commissioner did the like it, he was perturbed.

Q2. “If there ever was goodness, she is one.” ----- Who said this and why?

Ans. These words are said by the narrator of the story. She said these words about the wife of Gyan Chand. She came forward the help the narrator of the story when her father and father-in –law hesitated to side her. They were afraid of the Government’s displeasure.

Q3. Why did Gyan Babu’s wife tell him to put in his resignation?

Ans. Gyan Babu’s wife told her husband to put in his resignation because she was not ready to turn out the lady

from her house at any cost and the Principal did not like her stay in her house.

Q4. How did the resignation of Gyan Babu affect the Principal?

Ans. When Gyan Babu handed in his resignation to the Principal, it made him come to his senses. He realized that he would not turn out the lady from his house. So he went to the Police Commissioner to inform him.

Q5. Why did the lady want to rush forward and touch the feet of her husband?

Ans. The lady wanted to rush forward and touch the feet of her husband because she was proud of him for having supported a noble cause without caring for the result.

Q6. What do you think inspired Gyan Babu’s wife to help the wife of the jailed husband ?

Ans. The husband was sent to prison because he took active part in the freedom movement. Hence Gyan Babu’s wife inspired to help the narrator’s husband.

Q7. What were the political agitators fighting for in Prem Chand’s story ?

Ans. The political agitators were fighting for the freedom of their country.

Q8. How did the wife react to her husband’s imprisonment ?

Ans. When the court gave its judgment, the wife was shocked that for a simple act of her husband’s offering pan and sherbet he was sent to jail. In her mind it was a mockery of justice. She had contempt for the court.

English Grammar Paper II

PARTICIPLE

1. She heard a noise ,she woke up. 2. saw a woman she was crossing the road . 3.She saw the dander ,she ran away. 4.She saw a lion ,the lion was drinking the water .she ran away 5.Prince Siddharatha saw an old man, he was leaning on a stick. 6.The Writer heard the conversation of two minors.he decided to go there . 7.The Poet was sitting the on the shore of the sea. he was pinning for a Boston friend . 8. Prince Siddharatha was living in a pleasureful palace . He did not know the reality of the world . 9.The writer was tired .he slept under the footpath . 10.He was hungry . he took much food . 11.I was going to market .I saw a donkey the donkey standing under the tree . 12.A Fox saw some bunches of groups ,they were hanging from a wine 13. She put off her clothes , she jumped in to the river .14.She was thirsty .she drank much water .

15. I saw a show of three dolls , they were talking in a strange language .16.I posted a letter was written by Hari . 17.The Story disturbed the mind of Prince Siddharatha, it was told by chitra. 18.I found my purse ,the purse was lost . 19.Shila received the money , it was sent by her husband two months ago .20. I saw a truck .the truck was injured. 21.She picked up the bird. The bird was wounded on the way. 22. I recived my clothes , they were sewed at Cripton Tailors. 23. The Writer did not move ahead .he was surrounded with the refugee children . 24.The girl won the heart of the judge , she was uneducated. 25. Gita warned the boy .he was beaten by the Teacher. 26. I received the message .it was sent by my mother .

27.The Voices pleased the poet , it was mixed with the words of wind and the ocean flood . 28. The Judgment is the judgement of God .it is issued under mercy . 29.The Decoits could not enter the village .the village was covered with high walls . 30. I saw a dead body , it was covered with white clothes. 31. He Swept the room, he went to the market . 32.She did her home Work , she went to the School .33.The Hunter killed the Tiger ,He returned the home. 34. Ravi learnt his lesson he went to school. 35. The Thief was arrested He Begun to abuse the Police. 36. He bathed in the River Ganga.he went to Vishwanath. 37. She finished her homework. She went to her office . 38. I saw a dog it5 was wounded . it was carrying a piece of bread .

INFINITVE

1. She works hard . she wants to top the Exam . 2. The Writer swept the Room. He wanted to go admission. 3. We go to school . We want to study. 4. Prince Siddharatha distinguished himself as a Merchant , He waned to see the real condition of the City. 5. Sanku stole the gold watch ,he wanted to get rid of misery. 6.We eat food .We want to survive . 7. I went to the Railway Station .my Object was to see off my Brother. 8.She played with me ,She wanted to enjoy herself. 9.He ran fast , he wanted to reach the office in time. 10.Gita sang a song , her disere was to win the heart of the visitors. 11.She worked hard , she had to get the good marks.12.I have a large family, I have to provide for them. 13.She bought three novels ,she had to read them. 14. Gita will walk fast She has to catch the train. 15.Mohan learnt his lesson ,he had to please his father . 16.The Writer decided to go to Hampton Institute, he had to get admission there . 17.He swept the recitation room very well.he had to win the heart of the head teacher. 18. The Writer asked a photograph. He had to know the age of his penpal. 19. He has three daughters .he has to get them married. 20.I have some duities. I have to perform them. 21.She was very fast ,she did not walk fast. 22. The Writer was very tired .he could not walk any longer. 23.HE is very weak .he can not run fast. 24.The Atoms are very small ,they can not be compared with 25.The box was very heavy . it was not lifted to be. 26.She is very weak , she will not pass the Exam. 27. The question was very difficult. They did not solve. 28.She speaks very fast .the students do not understand.29.The lesson was very difficult. I did not learn .30.The problem of over population is very serious .we can not ignore it .

NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE

1. The class was over. The student went their home. 2. The sky is cloudy. It may rain today. 3. The teacher was absent. The student made a lot of noise. 4. It was a hot day. We did not go to the college. 5. The lesson was tough. I did not understand.

6. The match was over. The visitors left the ground. 7. The manager was absent. The workers stopped working. 8. The siege was over. The people became happy. 9. The weather was cold. We remained at our home. 10. The night was stuffy. They did not sleep. 11. The Police arrived. The thief ram away. 12. The teacher entered the class. The student stood up. 13. The sun rose. We left the bed. 14. The day dawned. The birds began to chirp. 15. The father returned from the jail. I felt unlimited joy. 16. The sun set. We stopped our journey. 17. The bank was closed. We did not withdraw money. 18. The signal was given. The train left the platform. 19. The commander was shot dead. The army flew away 20. The village was covered with high walls. The robbers failed to enter. 21. The deed was signed. The villagers became very happy. 22. The beard was dyed with Mehndileaves. The old man looked smart. 23. His kite shop was gone. He could not make the kites.

24. The teacher was absent. The door was shut. The students quarreled in the class.25. The siege was over. The enemy withdrew. The people spent their normal life.

PREPOSITION BEFORE GERUND OR NOUN

1.He heard a story. He became very happy. 2. She raw a tiger. She began to weep. 3. He heard a noise. He woke up.

4.The hunter killed a tiger. He returned home. 5. She did her home work. She slept in the bed. 6. He swept the recitation room. He informed the head teacher. 7. She purchased a car. She paid Rs 5 Lacks. 8. He bought a book. He paid Rs 50. 9. He bought a book. He paid Rs thirty five. 10. He sold his house. He got Rs 10 Lacks. 11. He purchased a car. He bought a house. 12. He gave me advice. He helped me. 13. He worked hard. He failed in the exam. 14.She ran fast. She missed the bus. 15. He was poor. He helped me. 16. She was uneducated. She won the heart of the judge. 17. The writer was hungry, tired and dirty. He continued his walking. 18. John Milton was blind at the age of 44 years. He was not in position to compose any poem. 19. He was lame. He failed to ride on the horse. 20. He confused his fault. He escaped punishment. 21. He did not work hard. He passed the exam. 22. He did not inform me. He reached there. 23. He failed in the exams. His father became very sad. 24. She succeeded in her mission. He mother felt limit less joy. 25. Her husband died. She fainted. 26. She heard the news. He husband died. 27. You helped me. I would have been drowned. 28. His wife died. He heard the news. He fainted. 29. Her son failed. She heard the news. She became sad. 30. She heard the news. Her husband died. She became sense less.

NOUN IN PHRASE OF APPOSITION

1. Ram killed Ravan. He was the son of Dashrath. Ravan was the king of Lanka. 2. Ravindra Nath Tagore wrote Gitanjali. He was a great Bengali poet. It is a collection of short poems. 3. Columbus discovered America. He was an Italian. 4. Brooker T. Washington went to Hampton Institute. He was a slave. 5. William C. Douglas came to India in 1950. He was a judge in the Supreme Court of America. 6. Portia advises Shylock. She is the wife of Bassanio. He is the villain of the play. 7. Sanku stole the gold watch of an engineer. He was simply a factory worker. 8. Kabir was a great poet. He was social reformer. 9. Shakespeare wrote Julius Casesar. He was a great dramatist. It is tragic drama. 10. Suresh helped my son. He is the M.D. of my company. 11. Shahjanhan built the Taj. He was a great Moughal Emperor. It is the finest building in the world. 12. Do you know valmiki ? He wrote the Ramayana. 13. Have you heard the name of Columbus ? He discovered America. 14. Do you know Subhash Chandra Bose ? He organized ‘Azad Hind Fauj’. 15. Have you heard the name of Tulsidas ? He wrote ‘Ram Charit Manas’. 16. James Watt got fame in his life. He invented steam – engine. 17. Have you heard the name of Newton. He invented gravitation. 18. Sachin got “Man of the match”. He made a century. 19. Mathura is a place of pilgrimage. It stands on the river Yamuna. Yamuna is a holy river. 20. Delhi is an old city. We visited Delhi.

ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL PHRASE

1. She will get good marks. It is certain. 2. She will win the first prize. It is sure. 3. He escaped unhurt, It was formunate. 4. She will help you. This is definite. 5. You will catch the train. There is no doubt. 6. He walks in the street. His walking is aimless. 7. She slept under the tree. He sleeping was sound. 8. He wept in the room. His weeping was bitter. 9. They bated in the river Ganga. Their bathing was peaceful. 10. Seeing a snake she cried in the kitchen. Her cry was loud. 11. He ran on the road. He does it fast. 12. Your sister works in my office. He working is well. 13. The roses smell in the garden. Its smell is sweet. 14. He played a match on the ground. His playing was skilful. 15. Sita cooked food in the kitchen. She did so quickly. 16. She helped me. Her help was in time. 17. Gita cooked food in the kitchen. She did so with in an hour. 18. Buy these books. Do not delay. 19. You must help me. The cost should not be counted. 20. He delivered a speech. He did it for half an hour. 21. They returned home. It was sunset.

ADJECTIVE

1. A boy helped a girl. The boy was young. The girl was poor. 2. A tiger killed a bullock. The tiger was dangerous. The bullock was hefty. 3. A carpenter made a chair. The carpenter was skilled. 4. A man helped a woman. He was skilled. She was old. 5. A girl was walking on the road. She was weak and thin. It washilly. 6. The lad was pining for a cup of coffee. He was sick. It was good. 7. Sanku stole the watch. It was golden. He was poor. 8. His decision is to punish the thief. It is correct. 9. Our hope was to disperse the cloud, it was wrong. 10. A man was walking on the road. He was old. 11. She killed a snake. The snake was poisonous. 12. I have a watch. It is costly. It is beautiful. 13. She sold her house. It was airy. 14. Sanjana gave me bag. It was attractive. 15. The admiral landed with a force. The force was large. The force was well equipped.

CONJUNCTION

1. Ram works in my office. Sita also does so. 2. Sachin is a good batsman. Ganjuli also comes in the same rank. 3. Suresh goes to the college daily. Ravi also does so. 4. The mother was crying under the tree. Her children were doing so. 5. Sohan went to Delhi. Mohan also went there. 6. He ate fruits. He ate sweets. He ate biscuits. 7. Suneel is a doctor. His brother is also a doctor. 8. Ramesh went to Bareilly. Rajiv was with him. 9. Aman bought a book. He bought a copy. He bought a pen also. 10. Shikha is dancing. Her cousin is also dancing.

TEST PAPER

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:

1. The master said to the servant, “What have you been doing since morning ?” The servant said, Sir, I have been washing clothes” The master said, “Do not wash the clothes now but go to the kitchen instead.” The servant said, “Is there anything for me to do in the kitchen?”

2. The fisherman cried, “Stop, I have a partner and he must also have his due share,” “Are there two such fools in the world?” asked the king, “Call the other fool also.” The fisherman said, “The other fool is your gatekeeper.”

3. Nala said to Damaynati. “The gods want to marry you. So choose one of then as your husband.” Damaytani replied,”Please tell the gods that I have already chosen you.” Nala said, “Don’t choose me otherwise the gods will be angry Damayanti said, “An Indian woman chooses her husband only once and I have chosen you.”

4. The king said, “Foolish old man, why are you planting this mango tree?”The old farmer replied, “Sir, I am planting this tree for my sons, as my father planted trees for me.” The king said, “You are a very good man. Take this money as a reward.” The old farmer said,” Please see that my tree has given me fruits so soon.”

5. The cock said, “Why are you weeping so bitterly?” The fox replied, “A thorn has entered into my eye. Will you come down and take it out?” The cock said, “I am not clever in pulling out thorns. Wait a minute and I will call my master. The fox said, “Please, do not call him. I will soon get well.”

6. “Why did you not come to school yesterday?” asked the teacher, “My mother is ill, sir, and my father has gone to Calcutta,” replied Govind, “Is there no one else to look after you mother?” enquired the teacher. Govind said, “There is none. Please excuse me for being absent yesterday and grant me leave for today and tomorrow.”

7. The master said to the servant, “What have you done with the money I gave you yesterday?” I have spent it all, si, but I will not ask for any today replied the servant. “Is that the way to talk to your boss ?” enquired the master. The servant was sorry and said with folded hands. “Please forgive me for my rudeness.”

8. “If you had four sons and a fifth was born,” Vinobaji said, you would certainly give him share of your land. Treat me as your fifth son and give my share.” Since you demand land for the landless we will oblige you,” promised the landlords.

9. “Alas! Child,” said his mother, “I have not a bit of bread to give you ; you ate up all the provisions I had in the house yesterday.” “Mother, replied Alladin, “give me the lamp I brought home with me yesterday. Let me go and sell it.”

10. The teacher said to Hari, “Bring your book and stand near me.” Hari was a little nervous and replied, “Sir, I bring my book to school everyday but I have forgotten to bring it today.” At this the teacher was angry and said, “Why are you not looking into the book of your friend, then ? Are you not ashamed of yourself ?”

11. “Good Heaves ! what has happened to my roses?” said the gentleman. “How well did I tend those flowers! They have all been picked and taken away. If ever I found the rogue that has done it. I would teach him a lesson.”

12. “Friends, where are you coming from and what has brought you to this place?” the villager asked the strangers. The strangers said, “We have come from the neighbouring city and want to start an adult literacy programme. Don’t you think we ought to eradicate literacy from our country ?”

13. “Why have you brought the woman here?” roared the king. “Didn’t I order you to let all the women go ?” The chastened lieutenant tried to explain, “My lord, I thought this woman might be held as a hostage.” “Shut up!” the king shouted, “ I don’t want any explanations. Set her free at once.”

14. The man in search of a house on rent said to the landlord, “Would you let (out) one of your flats to me, sir ?” The landlord replied, “My friend, I am sorry to disappoint you. I don’t like to rent my house to strangers. However if you can bring someone to introduce you, I may consider your case.”

15. “Is it your own composition ?” asked the editor. The writer said, “Yes, of course. Why do you ask this ?”

“No offence !” said the editor, “I just wanted to confirm that it wasn’t borrowed from any other source.”

TEST PAPER

(I) Change the following into Indirect Speech :

1. The policeman on duty said to me, “If you go straight for about a mile, you will reach the post office.”

2. The king said to the gardener, “Why are you planting these trees ? Do you hope to eat their fruits ?”

3. The teacher said, “Never tell a lie, as honesty is the best policy.”

4. He said “Good morning friends ! May you live long !” 5. He said, “Alas! I was not here yesterday.”

6. The peon said, “It is half past nine. May I go home, sir ?”

7. I said to my friend, “Please take your seat. Why are you looking so sad ? Can I do anything for you ?”

8. Hari said to me, “Let us sing together.”

(II) Combine the following sets of sentences as directed within brackets :

1. I was tired of my servant. I dismissed him. (Simple)

2. His son died. This gave him shock. He never fully recovered from it. (Simple)

3. The teacher entered the class. All the boys stood up. (Simple)

4. You are not keeping good health. Can you tell me the reason ? (Complex)

5. The police came. The thief had run away. (Complex)

6. He might have failed. I do not know. (Complex)

7. He did not come. He did not sent his son. (Compound)

8. He has got a car. He goes to the office by bus. (Compound)

(III) Change the following sentences as directed :

1. The sun is too hot for us to go out. (Remove ‘too’)

2. As soon as the principal came, all students entered the class. (Negative)

3. Everyone knows Gandhiji. (Interrogative)

4. What a fool she is ! (Assertive)

5. Hari is brighter than any other boy in his class. (Superlative)

6. Tulsidas was one of the greatest poets. (Positive)

7. Silver is not so precious as gold. (Comparative)

8. My friends trust me. (Passive)

9. How did you get this information ? (Passive)

10. By whom will you be helped in this matter ? (Active)

11. The Taj is a very beautiful monument. (Exclamatory)

12. I have no money to lend you. (Complex)

(IV) Correct the following sentences :

1. The robber was hung. 2. I asked him what o’clock is it. 3. No sooner has the circket match started when it began to rain. 4. He prohibited me to enter the examination hall before time. 5. I wanted to know that how he had become so rich. 6. He not only went to Delhi but also to Agra. 7. There are very less cities in this country. 8. I shall go to the party, if I shall be invited. 9. Neither of the men were very tall. 10. Unless you do not listen to me, you cannot succeed. 11. This book is more preferable than that. 12. Five years passed since I have come here. 13. This question is the easiest of the two. 14. Always help poor and weak.

(V) Use the following Idioms/Phrases in sentences of your own as to make their meaning clear :

A red letter day ; at daggers drawn ; by all means ; through and through ; a snake in the grass ; a bolt from the blue ; bag and baggage ; fair and square ; break out ; carry out ; make out ; put up with ; see off ; win over.

(VI)(a) Give the antonyms of the following words :

adversity, bravery ; barren ; creation, defence ; economical ; entrance ; freedom ; foreign ; guest ; heredity ; knowledge ; optimistic ; religious ; transparent ; wisdom.

(b) Give the synonyms of the following words :

attack ; banish ; confess ; dead ; develop ; external, fatal ; holy ; lack ; pardon ; pledge ; sacred ; splendid ; target; victory ; wicked.

(c) Use the following to bring out the difference in meaning :

affect, effect ; canvas, canvas ; draught, drought ; eligible, illegible ; eminent, imminent ; industrious, industrial ; umpire, empire, vain , vein.

(d) Give one word for the group of words :

1. A person who leaves his country and settles in another country. 2. Which cannot be read. 3. Medical examination of a dead body. 4. Person unable to pay his debts. 5. Born after the death of its father. 6. Who cannot read or write. 7. People working together in the same office or department. 8. A person who looks at the bright side of things. 9. A diplomatic representative of one country in another. 10. A place where birds, animals etc. are kept.

Removing the Adverb ‘too’ :

1. I am too busy to attend the marriage ceremony. 2. The passage is too difficult for me to understand. 3. The boy is too unhealthy to do this work. 4. She is too eager for her result. 5. He is too proud of his knowledge. 6. She is too young to travel alone. Mohan is too strong for me to be defeated 7. Mohan is too strong for me to be defeated. 8. He is too good to be a successful businessman. 9. He was too tired to work. 10. He speaks too fast to be understood.

11. The box is too heavy for me to lift. 12. He is too old to work hard. 13. He is too old to run the race. 14. The tree is too high for me to climb. 15. She is too proud to apologize. 16. He is too proud to accept any help. 17. The problem of population is too serious to be overlooked. 18. He was too frightened to speak. 19. The news is too good to be true. 20. The tea is too hot for me to drink. 21. It is too cold to go out. 22. He is too eager for praise. 23. The knife is too blunt to sharpen the pencil with. 24. He is too ill to do anything. 25. He is too kind – hearted to be a successful administrator.

Using the Adverb ‘too’:

26. He is so lazy that he cannot keep pace with you. 27. It is so hard that it can’t be broken. 28. She speaks so fast that she cannot be followed. 29. It is so heavy that none can lift it. 30. The problem is so complicated that this little child cannot solve it. 31. He was cruel beyond the proper limit. 32. You are so weak that you cannot walk. 33. The mountain is so high that none can climb it. 34. He is so poor that he can’t buy this watch. 35. It is excessively cold. 36. Gopal is so fat that he cannot sit. 37. He speaks so fast that we cannot follow him. 38. The book is so costly that I cannot buy it. 39. One is never so old that one cannot buy it. 40. One is never so old that one cannot learn. 41. Trees are so valuable that we should not fell them unnecessarily. 42. The crowd was so large that the police could not control it. 43. She was so shy that she did not speak a word. 44. The class is noisy beyond the proper limit. 45. The room is so dirty that we cannot sit in it.

Into Interrogative:

46. Nehru was honoured everywhere. 47. None can avoid it. 48. The sun can never set in the east. 49. Everybody knows him. 50. Everybody likes to earn name and fame. 51. The earth is round. 52. No one is mightier than God. 53. He died in harness. 54. Long life does not make a man great. 55. No one ever saw a greater misfortune. 56. Nobody would like to be called a fool. 57. Nobody would like to be a slave. 58. Everybody loves his motherland. 59. No one can put up with such a conduct. 60. It is no good to help a mean man. 61. Everybody likes to be prosperous. 62. Everybody loves his motherland. 63. A wise man is honoured everywhere. 64. Drinking is bad for health. 65. No one would like to be called a fool. 66. Money does not grow on trees. 67. There an be no success without hard work. 68. Joys and sorrows go together. 69. Even ants can teach us a lesson. 70. Anyone will grow wise through experience. 71. Sweet music pleases everyone.

Interrogative Sentences into Assertive Sentences :

72. Is Ram not a good boy ? 73. Who would like to be poor ? 74. Are his friends not faithful ? 75. Can a man change his skin ? 76. Who can count the start in the sky ? 77. Can you gather grapes from thorns ? 78. Can you leave your friend in this miserable condition ? 79. Will anyone like to fail ? 80. Who would not like to be famous ? 81. Did Ram not love his sister ? 82. Who would not like to have it ? 83. Why waste money on such useless things ? 84. Is blood not thicker than water ? 85. Is there any place like home ? 86. Who can control the wind ? 87. Is not the day intended for toil and the night for sleep? 88.Why waste time in reading trash ? 89. Who does not know mahatma Gandhi ? 90. Who does not know Mahatma Gandhi ? 91. Is it not true that health is wealth ? 92. Who was seen the wind ? 93. Shall I ever forget those happy days ? 94. Who was not heart the name of Mahatma Gandhi ? 95. Why should we lament any loss ? 96. Why should we lament any loss ? 97. Do the brave not deserve honour ? 98. Can there be smoke without fire? 99. Was Rustam not a great warrior ? 99. Who was seen the wind ? 100. When will a wicked man prosper ? 101. Does the earth not move round the sun ? 102. Is honesty not the best policy? 103. Are books not our best friends ?

Affirmative Sentences into Negative Sentences :

104. We will always love our parents. 105. Only Ram passed in English. 106. Only good girls got good marks. 107. My shirt is loose. 108. As soon as the clock struck ten, we went to sleep. 109. As soon as he came, it began to rain. 110. Only a rich man can buy this building. 111. He love all. 112. Iron is more useful than gold. 112. She is as dull as an ass. 113. Ram is taller than Sita. 114. The question is difficult. 115. He goes to bed after midnight. 116. Only a little child would talk like this. 117. He is too old to work hard. 118. He saw the Taj. 119. I was doubtful whether it was you. 120. He is richer than I. 121. As soon as he saw us, he ran away. 122. He is greater than I. 123. Great men make a sacrifice when necessary. 124. Karim is taller than Sohan. 126. Gopal is very careful about his studies. 127. As soon as we came out, it started raining. 128. Can you touch the sky ? 129. Only good boys are successful. 130. He helped me in my need. 131. Fortune favours the brave. 132. False friends will come to you only when you have money. 133. She proved to be a faithful wife.

Negative to Affirmative :

134. They did not find the road very bad. 135. He is not so rich as his brother. 136. There is no smoke without fire. 137. She is not dull. 138. I did not fail to see your father. 139. There is none but believes in his honesty. 140. There is no rose without a thorn. 141. He will never be forgotten. 142. The knife is not blunt. 143. I am not richer than he is. 144. I did not fail to return his book. 145. Old men are not always wise. 146. There is no rise without a fall. 147. I am not so industrious as he is. 148. The two sisters are not unlike each other. 149. None but a coward would flee from his duty. 150. No sooner did he see the tiger than he fled. 151. None but Ram was selected in the college. 152. We should not disobey our parents. 153. He did not fail to join the marriage party. 154. This house is not bad. 155. The light is so dim that we cannot read. 156. He did not fail to complete his work in time. 157. Nothing but a miracle can save him. 158. We should not hate the poor. 159. No sooner did he see me than he ran away. 160. We should not be dishonest. 161. Sita is not so beautiful as Sarala. 162. It is not a difficult job for you. 163. Their glory can never fade.

Changing the Degree of Comparison:

164. No book is so popular among the Hindus as the Ramayan. (Comparative)

165. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Superlative)

166. Very few countries are as advanced as England. (Comparative)

167. He is one of the best boys in his class. (Positive)

168. Tulsidas was one of the greatest poets. (Positive)

169. It is as difficult as that. 170. Mumbai is the best seaport in India. (Comparative)

171. Mohan is fatter than any other boy. (Positive)

172. Very few countries are as hot as Africa. (Superlative)

173. Today is the hottest day. (Superlative)

174. Winter is more pleasant than summer in many countries. (Positive)

175. India is one of the poorest countries in the world. (Positive)

176. Laxmi temple is the biggest temple in Delhi. (Positive)

177. He is as dull as an ass. (Comparative)

178. Rockets can fly faster than aeroplanes. (Positive)

179. Milk is more nourishing than any other food. (Positive)

180. He is one of the dullest boys in the school. (Comparative)

181. Death is the most horrible thing for a coward. (Positive)

182. Ashoka was one of the greatest rulers. (Comparative)

183. No other building is as grand as the Taj. (Comparative)

184. Mumbai is the best seaport in India. (Comparative)

185. Ashok was one of the greatest kings in the history of the world. (Comparative)

186. This pen is better than that. (Positive)

187. Very few cities in India are as big as Mumbai. (Comparative)

188. This is the finest watch. (Comparative)

189. He is more wicked than most other boys. (Superlative)

190. He is the best boy of his class. (Positive)

191. Napoleon was the greatest general of his time. (Positive)

192. Hari is one of the best boys of his class. (Positive)

193. Very few games are so popular as cricket. (Superlative)

194. Some grains are at least as nutritious as rice. (Superlative)

195. He is as dull as an ass. (Comparative)

196. No other building of the world is so grand as the Taj Mahal. (Comparative)

197. Gold is the most valuable metal. (Positive)

198. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (Superlative)

199. The elder sister is not so clever as the younger one. (Comparative)

200. Tulsidas was one of the greatest poets of his time. (Positive)

201. Mahatma Gandhi was greater than any other leader of the world. (Superlative)

202. Very few games are so popular as cricket. (Superlative)

203. Ganesh is stronger than Suresh. (Positive)

204. India is the largest democracy in the world. (Comparative)

205. Chandhigarh is one of the most beautiful cities in India. (Positive)

Exclamatory to Assertive:

206. How lovely the rose is !

207. Alas!he is no more .

208. How! Warm your hands are !

209. Bravo! You spoke so well .

210. What a dangerous thing a little knowledge is !

211. O that I had never been so hasty !

212. What a huge snake it is !

213. If only I could see my home again !

214. Alas!my father is dead .

215. Alas! We have lost the battle .

216. How naughty you are !

217. How beautiful the Taj is !

218. What a fall !

219. Alas! I am ruined .

220. O that I were a king !

221. Would that I had not wasted my money !

222. Bravo! You have secured first position !

223. O that I were a bird !

224. O that I were a child again !

225. What a shameful behaviour !

226. How very kind of you !

227. Alas ! he is uttery ruined .

228. How foolish I have been !

229. Would that I had got succees !( would – I wish)

230. What sad news!

231. Hurrah ! my brother has won the first prize .

232. O that I were a bird !

233. What a good idea !

234. How strange that he succeeded without working hard !

Assertive to Exclamatory :

235. I wish I could die in my own country .

236. It was a horrible scene .

237. It is a very shameful behaviour .

238. I wish I had never left my home .

239. I wish I were king once more .

240. I had a very merry time .

241. It is very cold night .

242. It is sad that he met with an accident .

243. These flowers are very beautiful .

244. It is very beautiful rose .

245. I wish I had met you month ago .

246. These oranges have a very sweet flavour .

247. I wish that the desert were my dwelling place .

248. The Taj is a very beautiful monument .

249. She is very beautiful.

250. It was a very cold night .

251. It is very sad that he failed .

252. The scene is very horrible .

253. I wish I had not left home .

254. It is very strange that he lives in Agra and has not seen the Taj .

255. It is a very unkind remark .

256. He is successful speaker .

Into the Passive Voice :

257. Ram was singing a sweet song .

258. He stole my pen .

259. He kills a bird .

260. I have don it .

261. He gave me some money .

262. She can break it .

263. He told me story .

264. He writes a letter .

265. The Carpenter did not make a chair .

266. W e could not finish it .

267. Someone left the pen in a classroom yesterday .

268. We must look in to the matter .

269. The flood hit the villagers hard .

270. Your behaviour has greatly surprised me .

271. It is time to shut up the shop .

272. He teaches us English .

273. Students are doing a lot of work .

274. They are doing their work .

275. The polish had caught the thief .

276. I found the boys laughing at me .

277. They found him guilty interested me .

278. W e will not admit children under sixteen .

279. I can,t write a letter now .

280. Mr. khan taught at him .

281. All his friends laughed at him .

282. The sincerity you have shown in your studies has pleased me.

283. Great man accomplish great things.

284. We planted two thousand trees in our college last year.

285. Our team can win the match.

286. You ought to help her.

287. You must have paid advance tax.

288. We decided to leave early.

289. People believe that the general elections will be held soon.

290. My father gave me a costly present.

291. The garment business has made him rich.

292. Somebody told us to wait outside.

293. People love games all over the world.

294. English literature interests me.

295. Your behaviour alarms me.

296. Newton discovered the law of gravitation.

297. The teacher didn’t allow him to enter the classroom.

298. They were taking out the winning candidate in a procession.

299. Lata Mangeshkar has sung many melodious songs.

Into Active Voice:

300. Coffee is liked by Sarala.

301. It was done by me.

302. The roads are being repaired by them.

302. He will be rewarded.

303. The child has been bitten by a snake.

304. The snake has been killed by Ram.

305. The first prize will be won by Ravi.

306. He will be honoured.

307. I was given a book by my mother.

308. A letter is being written by her.

Passive Voice : (Interrogative)

309. Who has broken the glass ?

310. Why did you kill it ?

311. Why did you not finish your work ?

312. What does he do there ?

313. Shall I ever forget those happy days ?

314. Was he singing a song yesterday ?

315. How will you break it ?

316. Have your read the Ram Charit Manas ?

317. Can you solve this problem ?

318. Which book do you want ?

319. When did he do it ?

320. When will the principal hold the meeting ?

321. Did you see him yesterday ?

322. Was Shanti cooking vegetables ?

323. Did the hunter shoot the lion ?

324. Did the policeman catch the thief ?

335. Who taught you grammar ?

336. Had the boys eaten all the cakes ?

337. Will the postman deliver the letters ?

Into Active Voice : (Interrogative)

338. By whom was this chair broken ?

339. Was he punished ?

340. Was the football match being played by them ?

341. Where was it found ?

342. Why was your work not completed by you ?

343. Will it be done by him ?

344. Is Mohan taught by you ?

345. Is the cow being milked by her ?

346. Is this person known to you ?

347. Where was it lost ?

Into Passive Voice : (Imperative)

348. Drink milk everyday.

349. Do you homework

350. Give me a book.

351. Don’t tease him.

352. Please keep to the left.

353. Do it immediately.

354. Pay the tax today.

355. Don’t disturb them.

356. Please help the needy.

357. Please examine this question.

358. Stop this singing and dancing.

359. Don’t disturb me.

360. Don’t read the newspaper.

361. Keep to the left.

362. Do not insult the poor.

363. Open the door.

364. Do not insult the weak.

365. Put the bottle on the table.

366. Shut all the doors.

367. ‘Open the windows.

368. Tell him to leave the room at once.

369. Push the terrorists behind the Line of Control.

Into the Passive Voice : (Miscellaneous)

370. Everyone in my class reads Hindi.

371. We should help the helpless.

372. They say that famine has spread everywhere.

373. You must do it now.

374. We shall not choose him captain.

375. We welcomed him warmly.

376. The engineer has checked the work on the site.

377. They wee making chairs.

378. Why did he beat me ?

379. We ought to invite them.

380. Tell him to do the work at once.

381. None could do it.

382. One should keep one’s promises.

383. You have to help us.

384. It is time to shut up the shop.

Into to Active Voice :

385. Ramesh is loved by us.

386. A meeting is being held.

387. He will be given a rupee by me.

388. The well is being dug.

389. The letter has been written by Sita.

390. Will he be insulted ?

391. She is taught English by me.

392. How was it done?

393. The matter was looked into by him.

394. Where was it found ?

395. I was astonished at you behaviour.

396. The beggar should be given bread.

397. Why was he punished by the teacher.

398. The Taj was built by Shah Jahan.

Change the Voice :

399. He was made class-monitor.

400. Everyone dislikes bad boys.

401. The pot was not broken by the servant.

402. I found him sleeping.

403. One thousand trees were planted in our college last year.

404. We were charmed with the beauty of the scene.

405. Where did you see him ?

406. He has finished his work.

407. Why was he punished by the teacher ?

408. We did not expect such behaviour from him.