A- Visible Sensors (6 papers)
K. Xie, H. Zhu, "A new algorithm for small moving target detection on dynamic water surface", International Conference on Graphics and Image Processing, ICGIP 2018, 2018.
W. Liu, B. Zhou, Z. Wang, G. Yu, S. Yang, "FPPNet: A Fixed-Perspective-Perception Module for Small Object Detection based on Background Difference", IEEE Sensors Journal, April 2023.
H. Wang, Z. Zhong, F. Lei, J. Peng, S. Yue, "Bio-Inspired Small Target Motion Detection with Spatio-Temporal Feedback in Natural Scenes", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 33, pages 451-465, 2024.
J. Xiong, J. Wu, M. Tang, P. Xiong, Y. Huang, H. Guo, "Combining YOLO and background subtraction for small dynamic target detection", The Visual Computer, 2024.
W. Dhammatorn, S. Ito, N. Kaneko, K. Sumi, "Combining Instance Segmentation and Background Subtraction Models for Small Object Detection” International Journal of Automation and Control, 2025.
E. Moreno-Mejia, D. Canton-Enriquez, A. Herrera-Navarro, H. Jimenez-Hernandez, “Morphological Background-Subtraction Modeling for Analyzing Traffic Flow”, MDPI Modelling, May 2025.
B- Infrared Sensors (97 papers) (Infrared Small Target)
B-1 RPCA matrix (IPI based methods) (43 papers)
C. Gao, D. Meng, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, X. Zhou, A. Hauptmann, “Infrared Patch-Image Model for Small Target Detection in a Single Image”, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 22, No. 12, December 2013.
Y. He, M. Li, J. Zhang, Q. An, “Small infrared target detection based on low-rank and sparse representation,” Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 68, pages 98-109, 2015.
C. Wang, S. Qin, “Adaptive detection method of infrared small target based on target-background separation via robust principal component analysis”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 69, pages 123 -135, 2015.
J. Fan, Y. Gao, Z. Wu, L. Li, “Infrared Dim Small Target Detection Technology based on RPCA”, International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Intellectualization, ICEITI 2017, 2017.
Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, J. Guo, “Non-negative infrared patch-image model: Robust target-background separation via partial sum minimization of singular values,” Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 81, pages 182-194, 2017.
J. Gao, C. Wen, M. Liu, “Robust Small Target Co-Detection from Airborne Infrared Image Sequences”, MDPI Sensors, 2017.
L. Zhang, L. Peng, T. Zhang, S. Cao, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection via non-convex rank approximation minimization joint l2,1 norm”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2018.
T. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Liu, L. Peng, C. Yang, Z. Peng “Infrared Small Target Detection based on Non-Convex Optimization with Lp-Norm Constraint”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2019.
B. Li, X. Zhiyong, J. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Fan, “Background Modeling based on Statistical Clustering Partitioning", Mathematical Problems in Engineering", January 2021.
F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, P. Wang, K. Ni, “Graph-regularized Laplace approximation for detecting small infrared target against complex backgrounds”, IEEE Access, Volume 7, pages 354–371, 2019.
F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, K. Ni, “Robust infrared small target detection via jointly sparse constraint of l1/2-metric and dual-graph regularization", MDPI Remote Sensing, Volume 12, No. 12, pages 1963, 2020.
X. Wang, Z. Peng, D. Kong, P. Zhang, Y. He, "Infrared dim target detection based on total variation regularization and principal component pursuit", Image Vision Computing, Volume 63, pages 1-9, 2017.
F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, P. Wang, "Detection of small target using schatten 1/2 quasi-norm regularization with reweighted sparse enhancement in complex infrared scenes", MDPI Remote Sensing, Volume 11, page 2058, 2019.
C. Gao, L. Wang, Y. Xiao, Q. Zhao, D. Meng, "Infrared small-dim target detection based on Markov random field guided noise modeling", Pattern Recognition, Volume 76, pages 463-475, 2018.
D. Pang, T. Shan, W. Li, P. Ma, S. Liu, R. Tao, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection Based on Greedy Bilateral Factorization in Image Sequences", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 13, pages 3394-3408, 2020.
H. Wang, J. Lou, C. Zhang, Y. Liu, "Infrared Small Dim Target detection Based on Weighted Nuclear Norm Minimization", IEEE Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems, CYBER 2017, pages 388-393, Honolulu, USA, 2017.
Y. Yuan, S. Dong, "Adaptive Detection of Infrared Small Target Based on Target-Background Separation with Ratio Minimization of Singular Values", Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers, ICNISC 2018, pages 144-149, Wuhan, China, 2018.
W. Li, M. Zhao, X. Deng, L. Li, L. Li, W. Zhang, “Infrared small target detection using local and nonlocal spatial information,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume12, No. 9, pages 3677–3689, 2019.
H. Zhu, H. Ni, S. Liu, G. Xu, L. Deng, “TNLRS: Target-aware non-local low-rank modeling with saliency filtering regularization for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Volume 29, pages 9546-9558, 2020.
Z. Li, S. Liao, T. Zhao, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection based on Strengthened Robust Local Contrast Measure", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, December 2021.
X. Chen, Y. Cheng, H. Wu, H. Wang, "Moving Target Detection via Robust PCA over Varieties of Low-Rank Matrices", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022.
M. Wan, G. Gu, Y. Xu, W. Qian, K. Ren, Q. Chen, “Total variation based interframe infrared patch-image model for small target detection", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 19, pages 1–5, 2022.
X. Chen, Y. Cheng, H. Wu, H. Wang, "Moving Target Detection by Robust PCA in the Topological Space of Low-Rank Matrices”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, June 2022.
F. Yan, G. Xu, Q. Wu, J. Wang, Z. Li, “Infrared small target detection using kernel low-rank approximation and regularization terms for constraints”, Infrared Physics and Technology, 2022.
Y. Liu, X. Liu, X. Hao, W. Tang, S. Zhang, T. Lei, "Single-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection by High Local Variance, Low-Rank and Sparse Decomposition", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing, June 2023.
X. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Hu, "Learned Masked Robust Principal Component Analysis Model for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2023, pages 6636-6639, Pasadena, USA, 2023.
T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, "Representative Coefficient Total Variation for Efficient Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-18, 2023.
Y. Shao, X. Kang, M. Ma, C. Chen, S. He, D. Wang, “Infrared Dim Small Target Detection Based on Nonconvex Constraint with L1–L2 Norm and Total Variation”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.
S. Rawat, S. Verma, Y. Kumar, “Infrared small target detection based on Bi-Nuclear norm minimization”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2023.
K. Wang, D. Jiang, L. Yun, F. Wu, “The infrared point target detection algorithm based on modified random walker and non-convex rank approximation minimization under the complex background”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 42, No. 4, pages 546-557, 2023.
M. Li, Y. Wei, B. Dan, D. Liu, J. Zhan, “Infrared Small Dim Target Detection Using Group Regularized Principal Component Pursuit”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.
X. Zhou, P. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Lu, Y. Hu, "Deep Low-Rank and Sparse Patch-Image Network for Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-14, 2023.
F. Wu, T. Zhang, L. Li, Y. Huang, Z. Peng, “RPCANet: Deep Unfolding RPCA Based Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, WACV 2024, pages 4809-4818, 2024.
B. Dan, Z. Zhu, X. Qi, J. Zhang, Y. Ouyang, M. Li, T. Tang, "Dynamic Weight-Guided Smooth-Sparse Decomposition for Small Target Detection Against Strong Vignetting Background”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 73, pages 1-15, 2024.
J. Chen, L. Qiu, Z. Zhu, N. Sun, H. Huang, “The WIPI Model Based on Multi-Scale Local Contrast Post-Processing for Infrared Small Target Detection”, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 2024.
X. He, K. Liu, T. Gu, G. Liao, S. Zhu, J. Xu, Y. Yu, H. Huang, X. Wang, Y. Gao, H. Tan, J. Qiu, "Ground Moving Target Detection with Adaptive Data Reconstruction and Improved Pseudo-Skeleton Decomposition", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.
Q. Guo, K. Xie, W. Ye, T. Zhou, S. Xu, "A Sparse Bayesian Learning Method for Moving Target Detection and Reconstruction", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 74, pages 1-13, 2025.
L. Deng, Q. Liu, G. Xu, H. Zhu, "DUSRNet: Deep Unfolding Sparse-Regularized Network for Infrared Small Target Detection", Infrared Physics and Technology, 2025.
B-2 RPCA Tensor (53 papers)
Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, “Infrared small target and background separation via column-wise weighted robust principal component analysis”, Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 77, pages 421-430, 2016.
Y. Dai, Y. Wu, Y. Song, J. Guo, “Non-negative infrared patchimage model: Robust target-background separation via partial sum minimization of singular values", Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 81, pages 182–194, 2017
Y. Dai, Y. Wu, “Reweighted Infrared Patch-Tensor Model with Both Non-Local and Local Priors for Single-Frame Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, pages 3752-3767, 2017.
J. Guo, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, “Small target detection based on reweighted infrared patch-image model", IET Image Processing, Volume 12, No. 1, pages 70-79, 2018.
L. Zhang, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Partial Sum of the Tensor Nuclear Norm", MDPI Remote Sensing, 2019.
X. Guan, L. Zhang, S. Huang, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Non-Convex Tensor Rank Surrogate Joint Local Contrast Energy", MDPI Remote Sensing, 2020.
Y. Sun, J. Yang, Y. Long, Z. Shang, W. An, “Infrared patch-tensor model with weighted tensor nuclear norm for small target detection in a single frame", IEEE Access, Volume 6, pages 76140-76152, 2018.
Y. Sun, J. Yang, Y. Long, W. An, “Infrared small target detection via spatial-temporal total variation regularization and weighted tensor nuclear norm", IEEE Access, Volume 7, pages 667–682, 2019.
Y. Sun, J. Yang, M. Li, W. An, “Infrared small target detection via spatial-temporal infrared patch-tensor model and weighted schatten p-norm minimization", Infrared Physics and Technology, Volume 102, page 103050, 2019.
J. Dong, T. Shan, D. Pang, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Facet Model and Structure Tensor", IEEE Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, ITNEC 2020, pages 1246-1250, Chongqing, China, 2020.
D. Pang, T. Shan, W. Li, P. Ma, R. Tao, Y. Ma, “Facet derivative based multidirectional edge awareness and spatial-temporal tensor model for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–15, 2021.
D. Pang, P. Ma, T. Shan, W. Li, R. Tao, Y. Ma, "STTM-SFR: Spatial-Temporal Tensor Modeling with Saliency Filter Regularization for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2022.
R. Li, D. Yao, Y. Qiu, F. Bu, L. Wang, "Infrared Patch-tensor Model with A New Tensor Nuclear Norm for Small Target Detection in the Ground Background", IEEE International Conference on Information Technology,Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, ICIBA 2020, Chongqing, China, 2020.
P. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, F. Shen, T. Pu, C. Fei, "Edge and Corner Awareness-Based Spatial-Temporal Tensor Model for Infrared Small-Target Detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2020.
H. Liu, L. Zhang, H. Huang, “Small target detection in infrared videos based on spatio-temporal tensor model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–12, 2020.
L. Deng, J. Song, G. Xu, H. Zhu, "When Infrared Small Target Detection Meets Tensor Ring Decomposition: A Multiscale Morphological Framework", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2021.
M. Zhao, W. Li, L. Li, P. Ma, Z. Cai, R. Tao, “Three-order tensor creation and tucker decomposition for infrared small-target detection, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–16, 2021.
X. Kong, C. Yang, S. Cao, C. Li, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection via nonconvex tensor fibered rank approximation", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1–21, 2021.
F. Zhou, Y. Wu, Y. Dai, “Infrared small target detection via incorporating spatial structural prior into intrinsic tensor sparsity regularization", Digital Signal Processing, Volume 111, No. 5, page 102966, 2021.
G. Wang, B. Tao, X. Kong, Z. Peng, “Infrared small target detection using nonoverlapping patch spatial-temporal tensor factorization with capped nuclear norm regularization", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1–17, 2022.
T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, C. Xiao, Y. Sun, Y. Wang, W. An, “Nonconvex tensor low-rank approximation for infrared small target detection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1–18, 2022.
L. Deng, J. Song, G. Xu, H. Zhu, “When Infrared Small Target Detection Meets Tensor Ring Decomposition: A Multiscale Morphological Framework", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 58, No. 4, pages 3162–3176, 2022.
Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, C. Xia, L. Zhao, “IMNN-LWEC: A novel infrared small target detection based on spatial-temporal tensor model", IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Volume 60, pages 1-22, 2022.
H. Yi, C. Yang, R. Qie, J. Liao, F. Wu, T. Pu, Z. Peng, ”Spatial-Temporal Tensor Ring Norm Regularization for Infrared Small Target Detection", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 20, pages 1-5, 2023.
F. Wu, H. Yu, A. Liu, J. Luo, Z. Peng, "Infrared Small Target Detection using Spatio-Temporal 4D Tensor Train and Ring Unfolding", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2023.
F. Yan, G. Xu, J. Wang, Q. Wu, Z. Wang, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Schatten Capped pNorm-Based Non-Convex Tensor Low-Rank Approximation”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Volume 20, pages 1-5, 2023.
Y. Luo, X. Li, Y. Yan, C. Xia, "Spatial-Temporal Tensor Representation Learning with Priors for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Volume 59, No. 6, pages 9598-9620, December 2023.
T. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, "Infrared Small Target Detection via Nonconvex Tensor Tucker Decomposition with Factor Prior", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-17, 2023.
Z. Zhang, C. Ding, Z. Gao, C. Xie, “ANLPT: Self-Adaptive and Non-Local Patch-Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.
C. Liu, H. Wang, "Research on Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection Algorithm based on Low-Rank Tensor Recovery, IEEE Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, Volume 34, No. 4, pages 861-872, 2023.
A. Aliha, Y. Liu, Y. Ma, Y. Hu, Z. Pan, G. Zhou, “A Spatial–Temporal Block-Matching Patch-Tensor Model for Infrared Small Moving Target Detection in Complex Scenes”, MDPI Remote Sensing, 2023.
C Nie, H Wang, L Zhao, “Adaptive tensor networks decomposition for high-order tensor recovery and compression”, Information Sciences, 2023
K Wang, D Jiang, L Yun, X Liu, “Infrared Small and Moving Target Detection on Account of the Minimization of Non-Convex Spatial-Temporal Tensor Low-Rank Approximation under the Complex Background”, MDPI Applied Sciences, 2023.
J. Li, P. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Zhang, "Sparse Regularization-Based Spatial–Temporal Twist Tensor Model for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 61, pages 1-17, 2023.
E. Zhao, L. Dong, J. Shi, "Infrared Maritime Target Detection Based on Iterative Corner and Edge Weights in Tensor Decomposition", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Volume 16, pages 7543-7558, 2023.
D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, Z. Lin, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection Based on Spatial-Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.
J. Zhao, A. Xu, “Infrared Small Target Detection via tensor L2,1 norm minimization and ASSTV regularization: A Novel Tensor Recovery Approach”, Preprint, 2024.
A. Wu, X. Fan, L. Min, W. Qin, L. Yu, "Dim and Small Target Detection based on Local Feature Prior and Tensor Train Nuclear Norm", IEEE Photonics Journal, Volume 16, No. 2, pages 1-14, April 2024.
Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, "Feedback Spatial–Temporal Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Orthogonal Subspace Projection", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 62, pages 1-19, 2024.
Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, C. Xia, "4DST-BTMD: An Infrared Small Target Detection Method Based on 4-D Data-Sphered Space”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 62, pages 1-20, 2024.
D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, Z. Lin, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection Based on Spatial- Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024.
H. Luo, Z. Li, Y. Zou, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Target-and-Background-Weighted Two Layer Nested Model”, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2024.
B. Sun, W. Xia, R. Fu, L. Shi, “Infrared small target detection algorithm via Partial Sum of the Tensor Nuclear Norm and direction residual weighting”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2024.
D. Lu, W. An, H. Wang, Q. Ling, D. Cao, M. Li, "Infrared Moving Small Target Detection based on Spatial-Temporal Feature Fusion Tensor Model", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2024.
Y. Sun, Z. Lin, T. Liu, B. Li, Q. Yin, J. Chen, “Adaptive Spatial-Temporal Tensor and Weighted Tensor Average Rank Approximation for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, January 2025.
Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, “5-D Spatial–Temporal Information-based Infrared Small Target Detection in Complex Environments”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.
Y. Luo, X. Li, S. Chen, “Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Hypergraph and Asymmetric Penalty Function”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.
Y. Zhang, Z. Li, A. Siddique, A. Azeem, W. Chen, D. Cao, "Infrared Small Target Detection based on Interpretation Weighted Sparse Method", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 63, pages 1-15, 2025.
D. Pang, T. Shan, Y. Ma, P. Ma, T. Hu, R. Tao, "LRTA-SP: Low Rank Tensor Approximation with Saliency Prior for Small Target Detection in Infrared Videos", IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2025.
T. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Yang, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. An, “Graph Laplacian Regularization for Fast Infrared Small Target Detection”, Pattern Recognition, 2025.
C. Zhu, L. Zhu, F. Zhou, "Infrared Small Target Detection Based on Adaptive Balance Structure Tensor Indicator", IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, pages 1-5, 2025.
Y. Sun, Z. Lin, T. Liu, B. Li, Q. Yin, J. Chen, "Adaptive Spatial-Temporal Tensor and Weighted Tensor Average Rank Approximation for Infrared Small Target Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2025.
J. Yang, T. Liu, Y. Liu, B. Li, Y. Wang, W. Sheng, W. An, “Infrared Small Target Detection Method Based on Nonconvex Tensor Tucker Decomposition with Factor Prior”, Journal of Infrared and Millimeters, 2025.
B- 3 Robust Tensor Completion (1 paper)
H. Zhu, S. Liu, L. Deng, Y. Li, F. Xiao, "Infrared small target detection via low-rank tensor completion with top-hat regularization", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pages 1004-1016, 2020.
B- 4 Multisubspace Learning (2 papers)
X. Wang, Z. Peng, D. Kong, “Infrared dim and small target detection based on stable multisubspace learning in heterogeneous scene", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume. 55, No. 10, pages 5481-5493, 2017.
Y. Sun, J. Yang, W. An, "Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection via Multiple Subspace Learning and Spatial-temporal Patch-Tensor Model", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Volume 59, No. 5, pages 3737–3752, 2021.