As heir to the western Roman empire, the Byzantine empire promoted a brilliant civilization that blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world. The emperor Justinian expanded the Byzantine empire, built magnificent buildings, and established a code of laws. A strong central government and a prosperous economy enabled the empire to survive for more than 1,000 years. Eventually, however, struggles over succession, court intrigues, and constant wars undermined its strength, and the Byzantine empire fell to Ottoman forces.
Russia was profoundly influenced by Byzantine culture. Trade between the two cultures first introduced Russia to Orthodox Christianity. Czars Ivan III and Ivan IV expanded the Russian empire and established a tradition of autocratic rule. The geography of Eastern Europe made it a cultural crossroads. During the Middle Ages, small kingdoms were frequently at war with one another. Without strong central governments, these kingdoms were often threatened by their larger neighbors. Many invasions and migrations contributed to the diversity and political turmoil of the region.
The emperor Justinian expanded the Byzantine empire, erected grand buildings, and established a code of laws.
In its early years, Russia was influenced by the Slavs, Vikings, Byzantines, and Mongols.
Ethnic diversity contributed to the varied cultural traditions of Eastern Europe.