The last half of the 1800s saw an upsurge of nationalism in Europe. In some countries, such as Germany and Italy, nationalism was a unifying force, helping to weld fragmented states into strong nations and encouraging them to industrialize and modernize. In other regions, such as the Balkans, nationalism was a divisive force, sparking rivalries, conflicts, and bloodshed.
Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, led the drive for German unity.
Germany increased its power by building up its industry and armed forces.
During the 1800s, influential leaders helped to create a unified Italy.
Desires for national independence threatened to break up the Austrian and Ottoman empires.
Industrialization and reform came more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe.