One scale with an interesting sound and a simple transition from standard western scales is the Harmonic Major scale.
The formula for the scale is 1 2 3 4 5 b6 7. With a root note of C, this translates into C D E F G Ab B C. With a root of A, the scale is A B C# D E F G# A.
As a pedagogical exercise, try to take the modes of this scale as you saw done with the Major Scale to generate the Church Modes.
Most of these should be pretty easy, but watch out for the sixth mode (analogue to the aeolian mode), because the root is the accidental. Since the root is flat, it is like all of the intervals are a half step sharp.
The Aeolian mode is 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7, so the sixth mode of the Harmonic Major Scale is #2 # b3 #4 #5 # b6 # b7, or much more simply, #2 3 #4 #5 6 7, which I call Augmented Major Sixth.
The use of this scale is rare, but widespread, meaning that it has many diverse and different applications, but is seldom used. The Harmonic minor scale, however, which is a minor scale with a raised seventh, is more common.