Among the emerging markets, Internet of Things (IoT) use cases are standing out with the proliferation of a wide range of sensors that can be configured to continuously monitor and transmit data for intelligent processing and decision making. The UAV transfers the gathered data from the cluster heads to a remote sink node, e.g., a 5G cellular base station, which avoids the need for long range transmissions or multihop communications among the sensors. Our problem definition aims at clustering the sensors, constructing an optimized forwarding tree per cluster, and gathering the data from selected cluster head nodes based on projection-based CDG with minimized UAV trajectory distance.

The hybrid Solar-Radio frequency (RF) harvesting system to 5 supply power for the continuous and effective operating of them. This system can simultaneously 6 harvest power from RF and solar sources that are available in the surrounding environment.

Laser power has become a viable solution to provide convenient and sustainable energy supply to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In a laser-powered UAV wireless communication system, the transmitter sends laser beams to charge a fixed-wing UAV in flight.