Urine moves from the kidney to the bladder through the ureter. Due to the highly concentrated mineral deposits in urine, stones are formed in the kidney and travel down through the urinary tract. This can cause severe damage to ureter wall and also backflow of urine, which in turn might require surgical intervention. The current study develops a 2D axisymmetric numerical model in order to gain an understanding of the ureter obstruction and its effects on the flow, which are critical in assessing the different treatment options.

Najafi et al., 2016, 2018