APAH 250 CA 4 and 5 Later Europe & Americas 1750-1980 CE and Indigenous Americas 1000 BCE - 1980 CE
Chapters 28, 29, 33, 34 Late 18th - 20th Century
CA4:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 4.1 - From the mid-1700s to 1980 C.E., Europe and the Americas experienced rapid change and innovation. Art existed in the context of dramatic events such as industrialization, urbanization, economic upheaval, migrations and wars. Countries and governments were re-formed; women's and civil rights' movements catalyzed change.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 4.2 - Artists assumed new roles in society. Styles of art proliferated and often gave rise to artistic movements. Art and architecture exhibited a diversity of styles, forming an array of "isms".
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 4.3 - Works of art took on new roles and functions in society and were experienced by audiences in new ways. Art of this era often proved challenging for audiences and patrons to immediately understand.
CA 5:
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 5.1 - Art of the Indigenous Americans is among the world's oldest artistic traditions. While its roots lie in northern Asia, it developed independently between c. 10000 B.C.E. and 1492 C.E., which marked the beginning of the European invasions. Regions and cultures are referred to as the Indigenous Americas to signal the priority of First National cultural traditions over those of the colonizing and migrant peoples that have progressively taken over the American continents for the last 500 years.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 5.2 - Ancient Mesoamerica encompassed what is now Mexico (from Mexico City southward), Guatemala, Belize and western Honduras from 15000 B.C.E. to 1521 C.E., which was the time of the Mexica (Aztec) downfall. General cultural similarities of ancient Mesoamerica include similar calendars, pyramidal stepped structures, sites and buildings oriented in relation to sacred mountains and celestial phenomena and highly valued green materials, such as jadeite and quetzal feathers.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 5.3 - The ancient Central Andes comprised present-day southern Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia and northern Chile. General cultural similarities across the Andes include an emphasis on surviving and interacting with the challenging environments, reciprocity and cyclicality (rather than individualism) and reverence for the animal and plant worlds as part of the practice of shamanistic religion.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 5.4 - Despite underlying similarities, there are key differences between the art of Ancient America and Native North America with respect to its dating, environment, cultural continuity from antiquity to the present and sources of information. Colonization by different European groups (Catholic and Protestant) undergirds distinct modern political situations for Amerindian survivors. Persecution, genocide and marginalization have shaped current identity and artistic expression.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING 5.5 - Although disease and genocide practiced by the European invaders and colonists reduced their population by as much as 90 percent, Native Americans today maintain their cultural identity and uphold modern versions of ancient traditions in addition to creating new art forms as part of the globalized contemporary art world.
RESOURCES/LINKS:
The Roots of Modernism by Witcombe (article)
Thomas Cole's Voyage of Life (4 Picture Series) at the National Gallery of Art
American Revolution in Art...and children's songs
Grant Wood's American Gothic and Green Acres TV Show
Biography (Van Gogh and Gaugin)
60 Minutes The Life and Death of Vincent Van Gogh 10-16-11
60minutesovertime.com for more on the Vincent Van Gogh Story
Dancing in Paris in 1860s
BBC: Manet: The Man Who Invented Modern Art
Great American Hall of Wonders exhibit at the Smithsonian American Art Museum (July 15, 2011 - January 8, 2012). The website states the exhibit "examines the nineteenth-century American belief that the people of the United States shared a special genius for innovation. It explores this belief through works of art, mechanical inventions, and scientific discoveries, and captures the excitement of citizens who defined their nation as a “Great Experiment” sustained by the inventive energies of Americans in every walk of life". See the images and listen to the podcasts here.
CA 4 IMAGES from KHAN ACADEMY:
99. Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Miguel Cabrera (essay, additional resources)
100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery, Joseph Wright of Derby (essay, image, additional resources)
101. The Swing, Jean-Honoré Fragonard (video, images, additional resources)
102. Monticello, Thomas Jefferson (essay, images additional resources 1, 2)
103. The Oath of the Horatii, Jacques-Louis David (video, essay, images, additionalresources)
104. George Washington, Jean-Antoine Houdon (essay, image,
105. Self-Portrait, Elisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun (essay, image, additional resources)
106. Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War), plate 15, Francesco de Goya (essay, images, additional resources
107. La Grande Odalisque, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (video, essay, images, additional resources)
108. Liberty Leading the People, Eugène Delacroix (video, essay, images, additionalresources)
109. View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after aThunderstorm—The Oxbow, Thomas Cole (video, essay, images, additional resources)
110. Still Life in Studio, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (essay, image, additional resources)
111. Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On), Joseph Mallord William Turner (video, images, additional resources)
112. Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), Charles Barry, A.W.N. Pugin (video, images, additional resources)
113. The Stonebreakers, Gustave Courbet (essay, image, additional resources 1, 2)
114. Nadar elevating Photography to Art, Honoré Daumier (essay, image, additionalresources)
115. Olympia, Édouard Manet (video, image, additional resources)
116. The Saint-Lazare Station, Claude Monet (video, image, additional resources 117. The Horse in Motion, Eadweard Muybridge (essay, image, additional resources)
118. The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel, José María Velasco (video, essay, photos)
119. The Burghers of Calais, Auguste Rodin (essay, image, 3D image, additional resources)
120. The Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh (essay, image, additional resources)
121. The Coiffure, Mary Cassatt (essay, image, additional resources)
122. The Scream, Edvard Munch (essay, image, additional resources)
123. Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?, Paul Gauguin (essay, images, additional resources)
124. Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building, Louis Sullivan (essay, images, additionalresources)
125. Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cézanne (video, essay, image, additional resources
126. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso (video, images, additional resources
127. The Steerage, Alfred Stieglitz (essay, image, additional resources)
128. The Kiss, Gustav Klimt (video, image, additional resources)
129. The Kiss, Constantin Brancusi (video, images, additional resources)
130. The Portuguese, Georges Braque (essay, images, additional resources)
131. The Goldfish, Henri Matisse (essay, image, additional resources)
132. Improvisation 28 (second version), Vasily Kandinsky (video, photo, additional resources
133. Self-Portrait as a Soldier, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (essay, image, additional resources
134. Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht, Käthe Kollwitz (essay, image, additional resources)
135. Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier (essay, images, additional resources)
136. Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, Piet Mondrian (essay, image, additional resources)
137. Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan, VarvaraStepanova (essay, image, additional resources)
138. Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure), Meret Oppenheim (essay, quiz, image, additional resources 139. Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright (essay, plans and elevations, images, additionalresources)
140. The Two Fridas, Frida Kahlo (essay, image, additional resources)
141. The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 49, Jacob Lawrence (video-short version, video-long version, photo, additional resources)
142. The Jungle, Wilfredo Lam (essay, image, additional resources)
143. Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park, Diego Rivera (essay, image, additional resources)
144. Fountain, Marcel Duchamp (video, images, additional resources)
145. Woman I, Willem de Kooning (video, images, additional resources)
146. Seagram Building, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson (video, images, additional resources)
147. Marilyn Diptych, Andy Warhol (essay, image, additional resources)
148. Narcissus garden, Yayoi Kusama (essay, image, additional resources)
149. The Bay, Helen Frankenthaler (essay, quiz, image, additional resources)
150. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks, Claes Oldenburg (essay, photo, additional resoures)
151. Spiral Jetty, Robert Smithson (video, images, additional resources)
152. House in New Castle County, Robert Ventura, John Rausch and Denise Scott Brown (essay, photos, additional resources)
LINKS:
Revolutionary America
www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history
Timeline of the American Revolution
Later Europe
Timeline of Britain in the 1800's
Art and Architecture 1849 - 1900
List of Art Movements in the 19th and 20th centuries
History of Photography
2D Works 1900-1980
Clement Greenberg vs Howard Rosenberg
www.theartstory.org/critics-greenberg-rosenberg.htm
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zozMksqnYk
www.art-quotes.com/auth_search.php?authid=2026#.WFGH0XeVTBI
3D Works 1900-1980
IMAGES
99. Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz. Miguel Cabrera. c. 1750 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.poemhunter.com/poem/my-lady/
Biography of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery. Joseph Wright of Derby. c. 1763-1766 C.E. Oil on canvas.
101. The Swing. Jean-Honore Fragonard. 1767 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/jean-honore_fragonard/paintings/the_swing
102. Monticello. Virginia, U.S. Thomas Jefferson (architect). 1768-1809 C.E. Brick, glass, stone and wood.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzZnqXvRSLE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JUZoIguW8o
Official Website for Monticello
103. The Oath of the Horatii. Jacques-Louis David. 1784 C.E. Oil on canvas.
Biography of Jacques-Louis David
104. George Washington. Jean-Antoine Houdon. 1788-1792 C.E. Marble.
www.history.org/foundation/journal/autumn03/houdon.cfm
www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/jean-antoine-houdon/
105. Self-Portrait. Elisabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun. 1790 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Glh-0GPKPD0
106. Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing to Be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra (the disasters of War), plate 15. Francisco de goya. 1810-1823 C.E. (published 1863). Etching, drypoint, burin and burnishing.
www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140717-the-greatest-war-art-ever
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/etch/hd_etch.htm
107. La Grande Odalisque. Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres. 1814 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/jean_auguste_dominique_ingres/paintings/la_grande_odalisque
Collection of 157 paintings by Ingres
108. Liberty Leading the People. Eugene Delacroix. 1830 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.artble.com/artists/eugene_delacroix/paintings/july_28:_liberty_leading_the_people
www.biography.com/people/eugne-delacroix-40979
109. The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm). Thomas Cole. 1836 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/10497
Official website for Thomas Cole
110. Still Life in Studio. Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre. 1837 C.E. Daguerreotype.
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dagu/hd_dagu.htm
www.daguerreobase.org/en/knowledge-base/what-is-a-daguerreotype
111. Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On). Joseph Mallord William Turner. 1840 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/artist-turner-jmw.htm
www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/4c/turner.004.htm
112. Palace of Westminister (Houses of Parliament). London, England. Charles Barry and Augustus W.N. Pugin (architects). 1840-1870 C.E. Limestone masonry and glass.
www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7k16YfZxp-4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWBlEf7wlVQ
113. The Stone Breakers. Gustave Courbet. 1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945). Oil on canvas.
www.gustave-courbet.com/the-stonebreakers.jsp
114. Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art. Honore Daumier. 1862 C.E. Lithograph.
115. Olympia. Edouard Manet. 1863 C.E. Oil on canvas.
116. The Saint-Lazare Station. Claude Monet. 1877 C.E. Oil on canvas.
117. The Horse in Motion. Eadweard Muybridge. 1878 C.E. Albumen print.
100photos.time.com/photos/eadweard-muybridge-horse-in-motion
118. The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel (El Valle de Mexico desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel). Jose Maria Velasco. 1882 C.E. Oil on canvas.
119. The Burghers of Calais. Auguste Rodin. 1884-1895 C.E. Bronze.
120. The Starry Night. Vincent van Gogh. 1889 C.E. Oil on canvas.
121. The Coiffure. Mary Cassatt. 1890-1891 C.E. Drypoint and aquatint.
www.marycassatt.org/biography.html
122. The Scream. Edvard Munch. 1891 C.E. Tempera and pastels on cardboard.
123. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin. 1897-1898 C.E. Oil on canvas.
124. Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building. Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Louis Sullivan (architect). 1899-1903 C.E. Iron, steel, glass and terra cotta.
architizer.com/blog/louis-sullivans-carson-pirie-scott-building-reopens-as-a-target/
125. Mont Sainte-Victoire. Paul Cezanne. 1902-1904 C.E. Oil on canvas.
126. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Pablo Picasso. 1907 C.E. Oil on canvas.
127. The Steerage. Alfred Stieglitz. 1907 C.E. Photogravure.
study.com/academy/lesson/alfred-stieglitzs-1907-the-steerage-photo.html
100photos.time.com/photos/alfred-stieglitz-steerage
128. The Kiss. Gustav Klimt. 1907-1908 C.E. Oil and gold leaf on canvas.
129. The Kiss. Constantin Brancusi. 1907-1908 C.E. Limestone.
www.theartstory.org/artist-brancusi-constantin.htm
130. The Portuguese. Georges Braque. 1911 C.E. Oil on canvas.
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/analytical-cubism.htm
www.radford.edu/rbarris/art428/cubism.html
131. Goldfish. Henri Matisse. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.austincc.edu/noel/writings/matisse%20-%20notes%20of%20a%20painter.pdf
www.henri-matisse.net/biography.html#fauvism
www.betterwall.com/banner/henri-matisse-goldfish-and-palette.html
132. Improvisation 28 (second version). Vassily Kandinsky. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/artist-kandinsky-wassily.htm
133. Self-Portrait as as Soldier. Ernst Ludwig-Kirchner. 1915 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.oberlin.edu/amam/Kirchner_SelfPortrait.htm
134. Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht. Kathe Kollwitz. 1919-1920 C.E. Woodcut.
www.moma.org/collection/works/71889
135. Ville Savoye. Poissy-sur-Seine, France. Le Corbusier (architect). 1929 C.E. Steel and reinforced concrete.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXfuSBNjoUk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQayb3glupE
Wright making jokes about Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier's Philosophy of Architecture
136. Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow. Piet Mondrian. 1930 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.theartstory.org/movement-de-stijl.htm
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4b85UBqUy28&list=PLF7051B36368106A0&index=3
www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPF7wjmcQeE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr6UzarhMWA
137. Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year-Plan. Varvara Stepanova. 1932 C.E. Photomontage.
www.designishistory.com/1920/varvara-stepanova/
theconversation.com/sublime-design-varvara-stepanovas-unisex-sports-uniform-27587
Definition of Russian Constructivism
138. Object (Le Dejeuner en fourrure). Meret Oppenheim. 1936 C.E. Fur-covered cup, saucer and spoon.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_ir5Hshrp4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLL9A0Dhisk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=99-gFt4GEiA
139. Fallingwater. Pennsylvania, U.S. Frank Lloyd Wright (architect). 1936-1939 C.E. Reinforced concrete, sandstone, steel and glass.
Interview with Frank Lloyd Wright
140. The Two Fridas. Frida Kahlo. 1939 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.pbs.org/weta/fridakahlo/life/index.html
www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gjwOncsydA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk-Tj1PC6F0
141. The Migration of the Negro, Panel No. 49. Jacob Lawrence. 1940-1941 C.E. Casein tempera on hardboard.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIfGcTnITDE
142. The Jungle. Wifredo Lam. 1943 C.E. Gouache on paper mounted on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VchFg7qYRX4
143. Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park. Diego Rivera. 1947-1948 C.E. Fresco.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIB4nuLFaCA
www.diegorivera.org/dream-of-a-sunday-afternoon-in-alameda-park.jsp
www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-DKc4i5bIQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mzQDfK3A5Q
144. Fountain (second version). Marcel Duchamp. 1950 C.E. (original 1917). Readymade glazed sanitary china with black paint.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYqDpNmnu8I
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bwk7wFdC76Y
145. Woman I. Willem de Kooning. 1950-1952 C.E. Oil on canvas.
www.sfmoma.org/watch/willem-de-kooning-on-painting-women/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6kiVI_KNTY
146. Seagram Building. New York City, U.S. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson (architects). 1954-1958 C.E. Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze.
Interview with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/seagram-building
147. Marilyn Diptych. Andy Warhol. 1962 C.E. Oil, acrylic and silkscreen enamel on canvas.
www.papermag.com/andy-warhols-top-5-most-amazing-interview-moments-1427366504.html
Episode 1 of 15 Minutes with Andy Warhol produced by MTV in the 1980's
148. Narcissus Garden. Yayoi Kusama. Original installation and performance 1966 C.E. Mirror balls.
www.domusweb.it/en/news/2016/05/03/yayoi_kusama_narcissus_garden.html
149. The Bay. Helen Frankenhaler. 1963 C.E. Acrylic on canvas.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFjX2Nbf-HM
150. Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks. Claes Oldenburg 1969-1974 C.E. Cor-Ten steel, steel, aluminum and cast resin; painted with polyurethane enamel.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuF117hnjw0
151. Spiral Jetty. Great Salt Lake, Utah, U.S. Robert Smithson. 1970 C.E. Earthwork, mud, precipitated salt crystals, rocks and water coil.
Official Website for Smithson
Antiques Roadshow - Spiral Jetty sketches and photos
Drone view of the Spiral Jetty
152. House in New Castle County. Delaware, U.S. Robert Venturi, John Rauch and Denise Scott Brown (architects). 1978-1983 C.E. Wood frame and stucco.
venturiscottbrown.org/pdfs/HouseinNewCastleCountyDE01.pdf
CA 5 Images from KHAN ACADEMY:
153. Chavín de Huántar (essay, image, additional resources)
154. Mesa Verde Cliff Dwellings (essay, video, photos, additional resources)
155. Yaxchilán lintel 25, structure 23 (essay, essay on related lintel, photo, additional resources)
156. Great Serpent Mound (essay, photos, additional resources)
157. Templo Mayor, Main Aztec temple (video, essay, images, additional resources)
a. The Coyolxauhqui Stone (video, images, additional resources)
b. Calendar stone (video, images, additional resources)
c. Olmec-style mask (video, images, additional resources)
158. Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Moctezuma II) (video, images, additionalresources, see page 12)
159. City of Cusco (essay, video, photos, additional resources)
160. Maize cobs (essay, image, additional resources 1, 2)
161. City of Machu Picchu (essay, video, photos, additional resources)
162. All-T'oqapu Tunic (essay, photo, additional resources)
163. Bandolier Bag (essay, photo, additional resources)
164. Transformation mask (essay, image, additional resources)
165. Painted elk hide, attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody) (essay, image, additionalresources)
166. Black-on-black ceramic vessel, Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez (essay, image, additional resources)
LINKS
Latin American Art
The Teotihuacanos
The Mayans 7000 B.C.E. - 1524 C.E.
Mystery of the Mayan and Aztec Civilizations
www.ancient.eu/Maya_Civilization/
The Aztecs 1345-1521 C.E.
www.ancient.eu/Aztec_Civilization/
The Incas 1400-1533 C.E.
www.ancient.eu/Inca_Civilization/
North American Art
Tribes of North America
America's Great Indian Nations
www.native-languages.org/north-america.htm
IMAGES
153. Chavin de Huantar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavin. 900-200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzon and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry).
UNESCO World Heritage Information for Chavin
154. Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450-1300 C.E. Sandstone.
www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/in-the-cliffs-of-mesa-verde-10863419/
www.cliffdwellingsmuseum.com/history/the-anasazi/solving-the-mystery-of-anasazi-disappearance/
155. Yaxchilan. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex).
David Stuart interprets Lintel 39
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgeXOUPy_Mw
www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dual/hd_dual.htm
www.mayan-ruins.org/yaxchilan/
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmhHaJZuJI0
156. Great Serpent Mound. Adams Country, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E. Earthwork/effigy mound.
Article about new research on the site
www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAQ5sziIUDo
157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (the Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmed-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone).
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6o7ZIHfte_k
158. Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 C.E. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold.
159. City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inca. c. 1440 C.E.; convent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFdmrr2HIhY
160. Maize cob. Inca. c. 1440-1533 C.E. Sheet metal;repusse, metal alloys.
Art exhibit covering Incan metal works
161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inca. c. 1450-1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex).
www.history.com/topics/machu-picchu
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEju5OcNHlw
sacredsites.com/americas/peru/machu_picchu.html
162. All-T'oqapu tunic. Inca. 1450-1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton.
163. Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 C.E. Beadwork on leather.
www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/online-collections-research/bandolier-bag-collection
164. Transformation Mask. Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century C.E. Wood, paint and string.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8WREmWxggU
165. Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, U.S. c. 1890-1900 C.E. Painted elk hide.
www.prairieedge.com/tribe-scribe/artist-mike-mcleod-demonstrates-how-to-paint-a-buffalo-hide/
166. Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Martinez and Julian Martinez. Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico, U.S. c. mid-20th century C.E. Blackware ceramic.