The len function, when applied to a string, returns the number of characters in a string.
To get the last letter of a string, you might be tempted to try something like this:
That won’t work. It causes the runtime error IndexError: string index out of range. The reason is that there is no letter at index position 6 in "Banana". Since we started counting at zero, the six indexes are numbered 0 to 5. To get the last character, we have to subtract 1 from length. Give it a try in the example above.
Typically, a Python programmer will access the last character by combining the two lines of code from above.
lastch = fruit[len(fruit)-1]
Family Spirals
Spiral of Spirals