Embedded Files
Welcome to Week11 of the Rediscovering San Diego and Beyond Online Class
Welcome to Week11 of the Rediscovering San Diego and Beyond Online Class
Dates: Dec 8th (Tuesday) and/or Dec 10th (Thursday)
Dates: Dec 8th (Tuesday) and/or Dec 10th (Thursday)
Time: 9:30am - 10:30AM
Time: 9:30am - 10:30AM
The password (if asked) is: 268304
The password (if asked) is: 268304
Description: Located in the adjacent countries of Slovenia and Croatia (formerly part of Yugoslavia), these two unique World Heritage Sites, with their incredible geological formations (one underground and the other above ground), provide a fascinating look at the power and beauty of nature.
Description: Located in the adjacent countries of Slovenia and Croatia (formerly part of Yugoslavia), these two unique World Heritage Sites, with their incredible geological formations (one underground and the other above ground), provide a fascinating look at the power and beauty of nature.
Note: This wonderful lesson and Handout were created by Mary Burns, RSD Instructor, and shared with us for our enjoyment.
Note: This wonderful lesson and Handout were created by Mary Burns, RSD Instructor, and shared with us for our enjoyment.
Enjoy the lesson and your Zoom sessions.
Enjoy the lesson and your Zoom sessions.
The Caves of Slovenia and the Lakes of Croatia
The Caves of Slovenia and the Lakes of Croatia
This week, we visit two locations very close to each other, but very different. We will look at the Skocjan Caves of Slovenia, and then the Plitvice Lakes of Croatia. Both of these are part of the World Heritage Sites, and provide a glimpse at the beauty and power of nature. Our lesson will introduce you to these locations, as well as provide some backgrounds on the host countries. The Zoom sessions will take you up close to the venues.
This week, we visit two locations very close to each other, but very different. We will look at the Skocjan Caves of Slovenia, and then the Plitvice Lakes of Croatia. Both of these are part of the World Heritage Sites, and provide a glimpse at the beauty and power of nature. Our lesson will introduce you to these locations, as well as provide some backgrounds on the host countries. The Zoom sessions will take you up close to the venues.
The History of Slovenia and Croatia
The History of Slovenia and Croatia
(Judah, 2011) (Norris, 2008)
Slovenia and Croatia are former members of Yugoslavia, translated to “land of the south Slavs”. The country of Yugoslavia is no more, having succumbed to wars which questioned its establishment.
Slovenia and Croatia are former members of Yugoslavia, translated to “land of the south Slavs”. The country of Yugoslavia is no more, having succumbed to wars which questioned its establishment.
As we discovered when we learned about the history of China, Yugoslavia was created as a great experiment. It strived to bring together people with much in common, including their language, their borders and many cultural similarities. Before it was Yugoslavia, there were the countries known as the South Slavs. These countries included:
As we discovered when we learned about the history of China, Yugoslavia was created as a great experiment. It strived to bring together people with much in common, including their language, their borders and many cultural similarities. Before it was Yugoslavia, there were the countries known as the South Slavs. These countries included:
· Bosnia and Herzegovina
· Bosnia and Herzegovina
· Bulgaria
· Bulgaria
· Croatia
· Croatia
· Montenegro
· Montenegro
· North Macedonia
· North Macedonia
· Serbia
· Serbia
· Slovenia
· Slovenia
Ideas for a union of the Southern Slavs began as early as the 1840s. However, there was a difference in opinion on how this would look. And so, the union of the countries remained a dream. In 1912, things were to change. Two small Serbian and Montenegrin states had emerged and become independent, with the rest of the countries belonging to either the Ottoman or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Ideas for a union of the Southern Slavs began as early as the 1840s. However, there was a difference in opinion on how this would look. And so, the union of the countries remained a dream. In 1912, things were to change. Two small Serbian and Montenegrin states had emerged and become independent, with the rest of the countries belonging to either the Ottoman or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
With the first Balkan war of 1912, the small states of Serbia and Montenegro fought with Greece and Bulgaria, and managed to push the Turks back to Constantinople. Serbia and Montenegro conquered Kosovo and Serbia took a large chunk of Macedonia. For many Serbs and Slaves in the Austro-Hungarian empire, Serbia was their champion. Helped by their special services, they assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 sparking World War I.
With the first Balkan war of 1912, the small states of Serbia and Montenegro fought with Greece and Bulgaria, and managed to push the Turks back to Constantinople. Serbia and Montenegro conquered Kosovo and Serbia took a large chunk of Macedonia. For many Serbs and Slaves in the Austro-Hungarian empire, Serbia was their champion. Helped by their special services, they assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 sparking World War I.
Excellent video (I wish I would have had this man as my history teacher) which explains the impact of the assassination to Europe and the world.
Excellent video (I wish I would have had this man as my history teacher) which explains the impact of the assassination to Europe and the world.
World War I destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which created some allegiances to Austria-Hungary during the war, but left many in doubt. Many feared that Austria-Hungary would overtake Italy and most of the coast of Dalmatia, while Serbia would create a new Serbian state including Bosnia and what is now Croatia (both areas heavily inhabited by Serbs. Politicians sought a new union where the Serbian Army would save Croatia and Slovenia from the Italians and would also save Croatia from Serbia itself. This union was formed on December 1, 1918 and was called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929 when it became Yugoslavia.
World War I destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which created some allegiances to Austria-Hungary during the war, but left many in doubt. Many feared that Austria-Hungary would overtake Italy and most of the coast of Dalmatia, while Serbia would create a new Serbian state including Bosnia and what is now Croatia (both areas heavily inhabited by Serbs. Politicians sought a new union where the Serbian Army would save Croatia and Slovenia from the Italians and would also save Croatia from Serbia itself. This union was formed on December 1, 1918 and was called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929 when it became Yugoslavia.
The union was not popular. Many Croats resented it because they felt that they had exchanged the domination of Vienna for the Serbian Belgrade. Albanians also resisted, believing that they were not Slavs and were bitter that Kosovo had not been able to join the newly independent Albania (which proclaimed its independence in 1912). Macedonian nationalists also resented the new state.
The union was not popular. Many Croats resented it because they felt that they had exchanged the domination of Vienna for the Serbian Belgrade. Albanians also resisted, believing that they were not Slavs and were bitter that Kosovo had not been able to join the newly independent Albania (which proclaimed its independence in 1912). Macedonian nationalists also resented the new state.
Yugoslavia went from crisis to crisis until 1941 when it was attacked by Nazi Germany and Mussolini’s fascist Italy. The country was carved up, and a small extreme fascist group, known as the Ustashas, we placed in power in the Croatian capital Zagreb. Terror and genocide directed at the Serbs of Croatia and Bosnia followed and resistance began to emerge.
Yugoslavia went from crisis to crisis until 1941 when it was attacked by Nazi Germany and Mussolini’s fascist Italy. The country was carved up, and a small extreme fascist group, known as the Ustashas, we placed in power in the Croatian capital Zagreb. Terror and genocide directed at the Serbs of Croatia and Bosnia followed and resistance began to emerge.
In Serbia, Chetnik forces loyal to Yugoslavic order began to fight, as well as a communist dominated resistance under a half-Slovene, half-Croat known as Marshall Tito.
In Serbia, Chetnik forces loyal to Yugoslavic order began to fight, as well as a communist dominated resistance under a half-Slovene, half-Croat known as Marshall Tito.
The war was brutal with wars within wars. While Yugoslavia was occupied and resistance was directed against the occupiers, the majority of those who died were from fighting between nationalists of different groups, such as royalists, communists, quislings (traitors) and more.
The war was brutal with wars within wars. While Yugoslavia was occupied and resistance was directed against the occupiers, the majority of those who died were from fighting between nationalists of different groups, such as royalists, communists, quislings (traitors) and more.
Tito’s forces joined the Allies and offered a dream of “brotherhood and unity” that would link the nations or peoples of Yugoslavia. By 1945, Tito was victorious and since the Soviet Red Army had moved on, Tito was in charge.
Tito’s forces joined the Allies and offered a dream of “brotherhood and unity” that would link the nations or peoples of Yugoslavia. By 1945, Tito was victorious and since the Soviet Red Army had moved on, Tito was in charge.
Video: Why Yugoslavia became a target for German invasions. (It has to do with a signed pact and yet another coup for Yugoslavia. A little long but explains the events which led to the battles.
Video: Why Yugoslavia became a target for German invasions. (It has to do with a signed pact and yet another coup for Yugoslavia. A little long but explains the events which led to the battles.
At the end of the war, Yugoslavia was subdivided along ethnic lines into six republics with Tito at the helm.
At the end of the war, Yugoslavia was subdivided along ethnic lines into six republics with Tito at the helm.
But he was a communist loyal to Stalin. He wanted to model his country around the Soviet Union. He proclaimed a federal state of six republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). Stalin was not as on board, though, and in 1948 the two countries split off. Yugoslavia was expelled from the communist bloc but Tito remained in power and began to take the country in an independent direction.
But he was a communist loyal to Stalin. He wanted to model his country around the Soviet Union. He proclaimed a federal state of six republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). Stalin was not as on board, though, and in 1948 the two countries split off. Yugoslavia was expelled from the communist bloc but Tito remained in power and began to take the country in an independent direction.
Over the next 40 years, Yugoslavia developed its own brand of socialism, much more open than its communist neighbors. The federation seemed to have solved the national questions of the past, living standards were high and citizens were free to travel. Yugoslavia also became a founder of the non-aligned movement, which aimed to find a place in world politics for countries that did not want to stand behind the two superpowers.
Over the next 40 years, Yugoslavia developed its own brand of socialism, much more open than its communist neighbors. The federation seemed to have solved the national questions of the past, living standards were high and citizens were free to travel. Yugoslavia also became a founder of the non-aligned movement, which aimed to find a place in world politics for countries that did not want to stand behind the two superpowers.
Behind the scene, there was trouble brewing. The economy was based on massive western loans and dissention was growing in Croatia and Kosovo.
Behind the scene, there was trouble brewing. The economy was based on massive western loans and dissention was growing in Croatia and Kosovo.
Another longer video, but excellent introduction to Marshal Tito and how he shaped the history of Yugoslavia.
Another longer video, but excellent introduction to Marshal Tito and how he shaped the history of Yugoslavia.
Yugoslavs were crushed when Tito died in 1980. Without him, the state began to unravel, as governments of the republics began to show their power. Serbs complained of persecution by ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. Croats and Slovenes were upset that money earned by tourists went to the poorer parts of Yugoslavia, such as Kosovo. Albanians there demonstrated for their own republic and even for secession and union with Albania.
Yugoslavs were crushed when Tito died in 1980. Without him, the state began to unravel, as governments of the republics began to show their power. Serbs complained of persecution by ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. Croats and Slovenes were upset that money earned by tourists went to the poorer parts of Yugoslavia, such as Kosovo. Albanians there demonstrated for their own republic and even for secession and union with Albania.
And then there began protests on communism themselves. For an upcoming politician in Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, the answer was in nationalism. As he came into power, Yugoslavia began to crumble. In 1989, Milosevic abolished Kosovo’s autonomy, and Croats and Slovenes believed tha they were next.
And then there began protests on communism themselves. For an upcoming politician in Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, the answer was in nationalism. As he came into power, Yugoslavia began to crumble. In 1989, Milosevic abolished Kosovo’s autonomy, and Croats and Slovenes believed tha they were next.
Nationalism began to destroy the country with Serbs versus Croats, Orthodox Christians versus Catholic versus Muslims and more. Milosevic wanted to dominate all of old Yugoslavia, but when he knew he couldn’t, he settled on a Greater Serbia. He said that the nations could secede from the federation but not the republics. This meant that Croatia could leave Yugoslavia if they wanted, but that Croatia could not take the Serb areas with it.
Nationalism began to destroy the country with Serbs versus Croats, Orthodox Christians versus Catholic versus Muslims and more. Milosevic wanted to dominate all of old Yugoslavia, but when he knew he couldn’t, he settled on a Greater Serbia. He said that the nations could secede from the federation but not the republics. This meant that Croatia could leave Yugoslavia if they wanted, but that Croatia could not take the Serb areas with it.
What occurred next was a series of conflicts in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo and finally NATO’s war in Yugoslavia.
What occurred next was a series of conflicts in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo and finally NATO’s war in Yugoslavia.
Finally, one by one, nations became independent from Yugoslavia. In 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent. A year later, Macedonia formed its own state. Bosnia and Herzegovina followed. However, since Bosnian Serbs wanted to stay with the Yugoslav Federation, three years of war ensued. The last of the Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro held together until 2006. In 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia.
Finally, one by one, nations became independent from Yugoslavia. In 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent. A year later, Macedonia formed its own state. Bosnia and Herzegovina followed. However, since Bosnian Serbs wanted to stay with the Yugoslav Federation, three years of war ensued. The last of the Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro held together until 2006. In 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia.
This final historic video outlines the breakup of Yugoslavia, and the issues that led up to it.
This final historic video outlines the breakup of Yugoslavia, and the issues that led up to it.
Slovenia and the Skocjan Caves:
Slovenia and the Skocjan Caves:
(Lavrencic, 2020) (Geiling, 2014) (Skocjan Caves, 2016)
Slovenia is made up of four major European geographic landscapes: the European Alps, the karstic Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian and Danuban lowlands and hills and the Mediterranean coast. About 9/10 of the people are ethnically Slovene. The disintegration of Yugoslavia brought many immigrants to Slovenia from other Yugoslav republics.
Slovenia is made up of four major European geographic landscapes: the European Alps, the karstic Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian and Danuban lowlands and hills and the Mediterranean coast. About 9/10 of the people are ethnically Slovene. The disintegration of Yugoslavia brought many immigrants to Slovenia from other Yugoslav republics.
As a Christian country, Easter and Christmas are major holidays. Easter is a weeklong observance with feasting, processions and caroling. There is also a pre-Lenten festival called Kurentovanje which marks the beginning of spring and features fertility rites. Groups of people dressed as Kurents (a mystical feature who would chase away winter) wear sheepskin, don masks and fur caps and travel through town chasing away winter and evil spirits.
As a Christian country, Easter and Christmas are major holidays. Easter is a weeklong observance with feasting, processions and caroling. There is also a pre-Lenten festival called Kurentovanje which marks the beginning of spring and features fertility rites. Groups of people dressed as Kurents (a mystical feature who would chase away winter) wear sheepskin, don masks and fur caps and travel through town chasing away winter and evil spirits.
Traditional Slovene dishes include different types of sausages, as well as cured ham, cheeses and desserts such as gibanica (a layered pastry with various fillings).
Traditional Slovene dishes include different types of sausages, as well as cured ham, cheeses and desserts such as gibanica (a layered pastry with various fillings).
Slovenes enjoy football (soccer) and has several leagues throughout the country. During the last part of the 20th century, they have added basketball and hockey. They also enjoy skiing in the winter, and hiking, swimming and horseback riding in the summer.
Slovenes enjoy football (soccer) and has several leagues throughout the country. During the last part of the 20th century, they have added basketball and hockey. They also enjoy skiing in the winter, and hiking, swimming and horseback riding in the summer.
The Skocjan Caves, sometimes referred to as the “Underground Grand Canyon” are considered some of the largest subterranean chambers in the world. They were formed over vast period of time by a river, the Reka, which still flows along the bottom of the underground canyon. At some points, the cave canyons measure almost 200 feet across and 460 feet tall. A number of geological features can be found inside the chambers, including limestone pools and massive stalagmite formations.
The Skocjan Caves, sometimes referred to as the “Underground Grand Canyon” are considered some of the largest subterranean chambers in the world. They were formed over vast period of time by a river, the Reka, which still flows along the bottom of the underground canyon. At some points, the cave canyons measure almost 200 feet across and 460 feet tall. A number of geological features can be found inside the chambers, including limestone pools and massive stalagmite formations.
The caves are on the World Heritage List, as of 1986. The site is located in the Kras region (meaning Karst) and is known for its research on karstic phenomena. Karst is a carbonate plateau which is within the caves and karstification is the action of water on rocks, which renders rainwater and eventually changes it into bicarbonate. This is what creates the characteristics of the cave.
The caves are on the World Heritage List, as of 1986. The site is located in the Kras region (meaning Karst) and is known for its research on karstic phenomena. Karst is a carbonate plateau which is within the caves and karstification is the action of water on rocks, which renders rainwater and eventually changes it into bicarbonate. This is what creates the characteristics of the cave.
Archaeologists have found evidence of human inhabitance as early as 3000 BC, with the discovery of a burial site. The first written records of the caves date back to the second century BC and the caves are marked on one of the oldest published maps of the world.
Archaeologists have found evidence of human inhabitance as early as 3000 BC, with the discovery of a burial site. The first written records of the caves date back to the second century BC and the caves are marked on one of the oldest published maps of the world.
There are some spectacular underground chambers in the cave, such as Martel’s Chamber, which exceeds two million cubic meters in volume. Other noteworthy elements of the Skocjan Caves include some noteworthy species which thrive in the underground environment and in the collapsed dolines (a type of karst sinkhole). The dark underground world provides a safe shelter for many organisms which hide between the rocks, in the river and lakes and even fall from the ceiling. One such organism is the endangered Cave Salamander.
There are some spectacular underground chambers in the cave, such as Martel’s Chamber, which exceeds two million cubic meters in volume. Other noteworthy elements of the Skocjan Caves include some noteworthy species which thrive in the underground environment and in the collapsed dolines (a type of karst sinkhole). The dark underground world provides a safe shelter for many organisms which hide between the rocks, in the river and lakes and even fall from the ceiling. One such organism is the endangered Cave Salamander.
Because of the microclimatic conditions, an ecosystem has developed where Mediterranean, Sub-Mediterranean, Central European, Illyrian and Alpine bio-geographical elements coexist. It has been inhabited since the Mesolithic period, and has enjoyed a long-term coexistence between nature and people.
Because of the microclimatic conditions, an ecosystem has developed where Mediterranean, Sub-Mediterranean, Central European, Illyrian and Alpine bio-geographical elements coexist. It has been inhabited since the Mesolithic period, and has enjoyed a long-term coexistence between nature and people.
Maintaining the hydrological characteristics of the caves require on-going monitoring of water, underground life and climatic changes.
Maintaining the hydrological characteristics of the caves require on-going monitoring of water, underground life and climatic changes.
Croatia and the Plitvice Lakes
Croatia and the Plitvice Lakes
Lampe, 2020) (Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020) (Plitvice National Parks, 2015)
Croatia is a country that shares a border with Slovenia, with a capital city of Zagreb. It is estimated that the number of Croats living outside the borders of Croatia is comparable to the number living inside the country. Many ethnic Croats reside in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There has been talk of unifying the Croats of Herzegovina with Croatia, but has been met with resistance by the Croats within Croatia and the Croats in Bosnia.
Croatia is a country that shares a border with Slovenia, with a capital city of Zagreb. It is estimated that the number of Croats living outside the borders of Croatia is comparable to the number living inside the country. Many ethnic Croats reside in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There has been talk of unifying the Croats of Herzegovina with Croatia, but has been met with resistance by the Croats within Croatia and the Croats in Bosnia.
There is a close correlation between ethnic identity and religious affiliation. The Croats are mostly Roman Catholic and are more Western influenced than the Serbs which are mainly Eastern Orthodox. A small minority are nonreligious or atheist.
There is a close correlation between ethnic identity and religious affiliation. The Croats are mostly Roman Catholic and are more Western influenced than the Serbs which are mainly Eastern Orthodox. A small minority are nonreligious or atheist.
Croatia celebrates Catholic religious holidays, as well as national holidays, such as Anti-Fascist Resistance Day (June 22), marking the formation of the first Partisan unit in Croatia in 1941. Statehood day (June 25) marks Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, while Independence Day (October 8) marks the day when Croatia formerly broke with Yugoslavia.
Croatia celebrates Catholic religious holidays, as well as national holidays, such as Anti-Fascist Resistance Day (June 22), marking the formation of the first Partisan unit in Croatia in 1941. Statehood day (June 25) marks Croatia’s declaration of independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, while Independence Day (October 8) marks the day when Croatia formerly broke with Yugoslavia.
Croatian food is influenced by Turkish, central European and Italian cuisine. They enjoy cabbage leaves stuffed with minced meat, dumplings and pickles. Along the coast, fish is served with blitva, a dish of Swiss chard mixed with potatoes and crushed garlic in olive oil.
Croatian food is influenced by Turkish, central European and Italian cuisine. They enjoy cabbage leaves stuffed with minced meat, dumplings and pickles. Along the coast, fish is served with blitva, a dish of Swiss chard mixed with potatoes and crushed garlic in olive oil.
Like Slovenes, Croatians enjoy football (soccer) as well as basketball and tennis.
Like Slovenes, Croatians enjoy football (soccer) as well as basketball and tennis.
Plitvicka Lakes is a chain of 16 lakes and many waterfalls in western Croatia. The chain is 5 miles in length and begin with two mountain streams that join near Plitvicki Ljeskovac to form the Matica River. Of the many waterfalls, Plitvice and the Sastavci falls are the most spectacular, especially during the spring snow melt. The lakes are the focal part of Plitvicka Lakes National Park, a nature reserve.
Plitvicka Lakes is a chain of 16 lakes and many waterfalls in western Croatia. The chain is 5 miles in length and begin with two mountain streams that join near Plitvicki Ljeskovac to form the Matica River. Of the many waterfalls, Plitvice and the Sastavci falls are the most spectacular, especially during the spring snow melt. The lakes are the focal part of Plitvicka Lakes National Park, a nature reserve.
It is also a UNESCO heritage site due to the breathtaking views, fauna and unique turquoise waters.
It is also a UNESCO heritage site due to the breathtaking views, fauna and unique turquoise waters.
The area is populated by deer, bears, wolves, boars and rare bird species. At least 126 species of birds have been recorded there, of which 70 have been recorded as breeding there. It is heavily forested with beech, spruce and fir trees. It has a very wide variety of plant communities as well, due to the range of microclimates, different soils and varying levels of altitude.
The area is populated by deer, bears, wolves, boars and rare bird species. At least 126 species of birds have been recorded there, of which 70 have been recorded as breeding there. It is heavily forested with beech, spruce and fir trees. It has a very wide variety of plant communities as well, due to the range of microclimates, different soils and varying levels of altitude.
BTW, swimming is forbidden in the National Park where the lakes are located, and has been since 2006. There is swimming in the Krka Waterfall National Park in Dalmatia, about two hours away.
BTW, swimming is forbidden in the National Park where the lakes are located, and has been since 2006. There is swimming in the Krka Waterfall National Park in Dalmatia, about two hours away.
Summary:
Summary:
Our lesson this week took us to two unique and stunning places. After learning about the fractured history of the countries, it is inspiring to visit these gems which have remained intact and continue to attract visitors. If you have visited either location, please make sure and tell us about it during the Zoom session. Also, if you have pictures or other memorabilia, send them our way!
Our lesson this week took us to two unique and stunning places. After learning about the fractured history of the countries, it is inspiring to visit these gems which have remained intact and continue to attract visitors. If you have visited either location, please make sure and tell us about it during the Zoom session. Also, if you have pictures or other memorabilia, send them our way!
Works Cited:
Works Cited:
Calic, M.-J. (2019). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette: JPurdue University.
Calic, M.-J. (2019). A History of Yugoslavia. West Lafayette: JPurdue University.
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020, April 2). Plitvicka Lakes. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Plitvicka-Lakes
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020, April 2). Plitvicka Lakes. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Plitvicka-Lakes
Geiling, N. (2014, February 18). Slovenia’s Ancient Skocjan Caves are Mesmerizing. Retrieved from smithonianmag.com: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/skocjan-ancient-caves-mesmerizing-180949699/
Geiling, N. (2014, February 18). Slovenia’s Ancient Skocjan Caves are Mesmerizing. Retrieved from smithonianmag.com: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/skocjan-ancient-caves-mesmerizing-180949699/
Judah, T. (2011, February 17). Yugoslavia: 1918 - 2003. Retrieved from bbc.co.uk: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml
Judah, T. (2011, February 17). Yugoslavia: 1918 - 2003. Retrieved from bbc.co.uk: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml
Lampe, J. (2020, July 21). Croatia. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia
Lampe, J. (2020, July 21). Croatia. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia
Lavrencic, K. (2020, July 18). Slovenia. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Slovenia
Lavrencic, K. (2020, July 18). Slovenia. Retrieved from britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/place/Slovenia
Norris, M. (2008, February 18). Former Yugoslavia 101: The Balkans Breakup. Retrieved from nrp.org: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19148459#:~:text=After%20World%20War%20II%2C%20Yugoslavia,declared%20complete%20independence%20from%20Yugoslavia.
Norris, M. (2008, February 18). Former Yugoslavia 101: The Balkans Breakup. Retrieved from nrp.org: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19148459#:~:text=After%20World%20War%20II%2C%20Yugoslavia,declared%20complete%20independence%20from%20Yugoslavia.
Plitvice National Parks. (2015, February). Retrieved from wikitravel.org: https://wikitravel.org/en/Plitvice_National_Park
Plitvice National Parks. (2015, February). Retrieved from wikitravel.org: https://wikitravel.org/en/Plitvice_National_Park
Skocjan Caves. (2016, March). Retrieved from whc.unesco.org: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/390/
Skocjan Caves. (2016, March). Retrieved from whc.unesco.org: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/390/
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