Stephen Hawking made groundbreaking contributions to black hole physics and cosmology. Diagnosed with ALS as a young adult, he gradually lost almost all voluntary muscle movement. Even so, he continued to teach, write, and conduct research for decades.

How ALS hindered him:
Hawking’s physical disability limited his ability to write, type, or speak without assistive technology. Everyday tasks required support, and communication was often slow and exhausting.

How ALS helped him:
Because he couldn’t write equations easily, Hawking developed an ability to think in long, complex logical chains entirely in his mind. This mental discipline led to novel ideas about black holes and quantum mechanics. His disability also pushed him to collaborate and communicate clearly — strengths that amplified his impact on the public.

Why he matters:
Hawking shows that physical limitations do not limit intellectual contribution. With the right tools, complex science is accessible to everyone.

Now that you’ve learned about the scientist, use the button below to explore a ProQuest Guided Research Topic related to their disability, learning difference, or way of thinking.

Read the information and add notes to your note-taker about:

• What the condition is

• Common challenges

• Common strengths

• Tools or strategies that support people with this difference

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