SCIENCE

1.0 | VOLCANOES

A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases escape.
Volcanic eruptions occur when pressure from beneath the surface forces magma upward.
Volcanoes originate from the deep mantle beneath the Earth’s surface, where solid rocks melt to form magma due to tectonic plate movement and increasing temperature.
When pressure builds up, the magma erupts through an opening in the Earth's surface, often forming mountains or islands over time.

CRATER

the bowl-shaped opening at the top, where eruptions occur.

VENT

the main passage through which magma escapes.

FLANK

the sides of the volcano, which can develop secondary vents.

CONDUIT

the underground channel carrying magma to the surface.

FISSUER

cracks in the Earth’s surface where magma can erupt.

MAGMA CHAMBER

the reservoir of molten rock beneath the surface

SHAPE

Shield Volcano – Broad, dome-shaped with gentle slopes; built by low-viscosity lava that spreads over large areas.

Stratovolcano (Composite Volcano) – Tall, steep-sided, symmetrical, with alternating layers of lava, ash, and volcanic rocks.

Cinder Cone – Small, steep, formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastic

Caldera Volcano – Large crater-like depression formed after a massive eruption empties the magma chamber.

ERUPTION

HAWAIIAN- SLOW FLOW

STROMBOLIAN- LOOKS LIKE A BOILING POT

VULCANIAN- MODERATE TO INTENSE

PLINIAN- MOST EXPLOSIVE

EXTRA:

ICELANDIC-effusions of molten basaltic lava that flow from long, parallel fissures
MAGMATIC - SIMILAR TO HAWAIIAN
PHREATIC - WATER-MAGMA ERUPTION

ACTIVITY

Active – Currently erupting or showing signs of activity.

Dormant – Not erupting now but may in the future.

Extinct – No activity and unlikely to erupt again.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

2.0 | CLIMATE CHANGE

3.0 | STARS AND CONSTELATIONS

4.0 | PROJECTILE MOTION

5.0 | WORK, POWER, ENERGY

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