I spent all of my early life into my mid-20s dwindling in a sense of self-failure and a feeling that I was inescapably stupid and incapable of producing anything of true beauty. Since then, my journey through life has taught me that there is tremendous beauty in every person and that everyone is capable of extraordinary growth. When I became a high school teacher, I dreamed of discovering a pathway that would make any student passionate and capable of changing the trajectory of their destiny.
Throughout the years, I learned that people's dreams are often limited by the opportunities around them. When there are too few opportunities that allow a person to distinguish and differentiate themselves, and when a person experiences a few successive failures, they lose faith in themselves. I believe that the key to revolutionizing the education system is in bringing a richness of opportunities to the schools (for my ideas, see Teaching->Vision).
It frustrated me when my most brilliant students had a significant competitive disadvantage to those students in the surrounding richer towns. The richer towns had an academic culture that demanded students to continue developing their portfolios over the summers and many had parents with connections to amazing opportunities. At Waltham High School there were neither any summer opportunities nor an understanding that a competitive student had to devote their summer to projects that would showcase their abilities. When I reached out to local universities as a high school teacher, no one wanted to create a relationship with WHS that would lead to a program of opportunities.
So when I became a graduate student at Brandeis, in my first year, I created the WHS-Brandeis Summer Research Program. In this program, every summer, each student was paired with a Brandeis graduate student or postdoc usually from the neuroscience, biology, physics, and psychology departments. For 6-7 weeks, the students worked on inquiry-based STEM research projects in the labs. They also took 2 informal classes (described below) and wrote a final research paper on their projects, which many submitted as supplementary material in their college applications.
I am proud to report that the program was free to all of the students and that it operated for five years with mostly zero budget (one year I got a grant where I could give very small honorariums to the mentors). I am equally proud to report that I never rejected a student, as long as a student was truly passionate and dedicated, I admitted them no matter what their grades were. It brought happiness to me when I saw students who were not considered 'top' students based on GPA, nevertheless show tremendous growth and research ability in my program. Over the five years that I ran it, 40 students passed through. While I did not select for it, populations that are often underrepresented in STEM were well represented in the program: 70% were female and 65% were minorities (including several first generation).
In this section I share the steps I took to create and maintain the program. Perhaps the most important parts are how to recruit a mentor that you cannot pay (Step 4) and how to ensure that the high school students are appreciative of their mentors (Step 8, discussed in greater detail in Teaching->Mentoring). I also describe the two informal courses that I ran, of which Class #1 is imperative if anyone wants to run a similar program for high school students.
I began the WHS-Summer Research Program in the first year of the PhD program in neuroscience at Brandeis. At that time, I belonged to no lab because I was doing the standard lab rotations. Having no reputation or even a PhD adviser, starting the WHS-Summer Research Program was filled with anxiety, difficulty and the looming fear of failure. During one of my rotations, I remember talking about the idea of my program with that lab's professor, who said, word for word, "Are you fucking serious?" Around that time I also asked a postdoc if she would be interested and she said, "What is my political benefit?" Being a sensitive guy, those two encounters devastated me for an entire week. I felt alone and uprooted and uncertain whether I would flourish in the PhD program and their comments only furthered my self-doubt. Many times I felt like abandoning my idea...at the time, I didn't know whether WHS students would be interested or whether I could find even a single mentor at Brandeis who would volunteer their time.
As I tried to grow my ideas, more people dissuaded me and I learned that when starting something new, many people will inject poison into your dreams. Some will do it inadvertently by listing everything potentially wrong with the idea without providing any helpful solutions to resolve them. I began to realize why douche bag 'alpha-male' personality types can start new ideas, because they are narcissistic and oblivious to people's comments. As as sensitive man, my mind would continuously loop rejection and failure. I had no confidence in myself or my idea.
During this time, I also had to endure the nearly abusive and negligent behavior of the committee that overlooked my qualifying exam. During this exam, one of the professors kept using profanity, like "dude, fucking bullshit" (previously, when I came to him for advice, he only said, "do what makes your scrotum scrunch") and tried his best to insult and put me down. Afterwards, the committee recommended that I make some improvements to my proposal, which I did and one of the committee members told me that it was a great job. Then, weeks later, because they had forgotten what they had told me to do, I got the message that professors were thinking of kicking me out of the program. Rumors spread that I wasn't serious about the program. Eventually I received a non-apology which planted a seed of bitterness and anger that still exists within me today. I write about this, because this same professor was also the first doorway into making the program work. I learned that when the powerless want to create something, they cannot burn any bridges and often they have to bend down and take it....and that is how the program was born.
It is also important to note that starting a new program, in my opinion, would have been much more difficult anywhere else. Brandeis is a very unique environment and because it is small and chill, it is possible to start your own initiatives that would otherwise be trampled by bureaucracy elsewhere. Implicit in my program's existence was that it operated underneath the radar. As long as the program did not offer any university credits and did not make or take any money, it was unofficial and I had the freedom to run it as I wanted.
Typically there can be significant bureaucracy and many levels of approval to obtain if you want to create a program with a local high school. Usually this involves obtaining the approval of the principal, K-12 science director and gaining the trust of a few teachers that will help you. Fortunately, because I taught at Waltham High School for 6 years, I knew everyone and they already trusted me. It also helped that I had a teaching license and CORI background check. After getting everyone's approval, my main contact was a wonderful biology teacher at WHS (Marisa Maddox). Here is a very informal email that I would send her every April.
After the program was advertised to students, my high school teacher contact arranged an informational meeting for interested students. Presented below is the document that I gave students outlining the program. Some people advised me to give students more formal looking documents, however, I felt it was important to express that this was an unofficial program. This was also the first level of selection, repelling the students who were only interested in the name of Brandeis on their resumes.
During the informational meeting, I talked about why I created the program and how it could allow them to blossom. I explained the necessity of building a portfolio of projects during their summers and I talked about the beauty of seeing a truth that has never been seen since the beginning of human time. However, I also spent a significant amount of time emphasizing the negatives of the program, even inviting students from the previous years to share their negative experiences. I did this because I wanted to scare off any unmotivated students. This strategy of emphasizing the negatives during recruitment and having a demanding application process, naturally selected only the most determined students. Because they were always few in number, I was always able to find enough mentors (with great difficulty) and I never had to reject a single student.
Recruiting enough mentors was one of the most difficult parts of making the program work. This is because graduate students are overworked and many are strongly discouraged from doing anything that distracts from research. Additionally, because I have no budget, I cannot pay anyone. This means that the mentors that volunteer are some of the most beautiful people at Brandeis, who truly believe in the ideal of giving back to the community and giving opportunities to students that typically have none. The two methods that I used to recruit mentors was 1. emails across the entire life sciences list serve (example email provided below) and 2. through one-on-one conversations with people that I knew. The emailing method would usually bring in 1-2 mentors that I did not know. Otherwise, I found majority of the mentors during one-on-one conversations at parties, classes and gatherings. Sometimes it would take me 1-2 years of gentle convincing before they became mentors. Therefore, the success of this program hinged on 'people skills' and 'networking', skills which I only developed at Brandeis when creating this program.
When talking to potential mentors, I would personalize my message to each individual but roughly here were my points:
An example email sent to the entire life science and psychology graduate and postdoc listserves:
I made the application process difficult and time consuming so that only the most devoted and persistent students would follow through. In the application, I reiterate the negatives of the program. Then, I gave some mild advice on how to tailor their resume and personal statement for this specific opportunity. Once students submitted their applications, I would correct them and add significant revisions and ask them to resubmit within a week. I did this because I wanted every student to learn and grow but also see which ones were devoted enough to make the corrections.
I have always understood but loathed the selection process in other programs, because inherent in its ideaology is the belief that there are a few strong candidates and everyone else are failures that should be discarded. Much of the university experience is like this. High school teachers are taught that every student is capable of beauty and every student should receive equal opportunity to grow. High school teachers believe in devoting themselves to every student. For this program, I did not want to reject anyone. As long as the student was irrevocably passionate and driven, I didn't care what grades they had or what level science they took. While most admitted students were advance placement students who had good GPAs, I did have some level-1 students and students with mediocre GPAs (as I had when I was in high school). To ensure I never rejected anyone, I emphasized the negatives of the program during recruitment and made the application process very time consuming and difficult, which naturally selected a small group of dedicated student.
In Step 3, I would visit WHS to give the students more information about the program. Typically 20 students would attend this meeting, where I would try to scare them by listing all of the negatives (and have students from past programs do the same). Usually around 10 students from this pool would submit the first round of applications, which I would review and add many comments for improvement. I would give them one week to apply the changes and resubmit. Some of these initial applications would be pretty bad but I did not want to disqualify anyone for an inability to properly make a personal statement or impressive resume, which is why I would give them a second chance. Typically 6-8 students would successfully do this.
Once I knew how many mentors to find, I would intensify my mentor-finding operation. Often this meant meeting with many people one-on-one and receiving many rejections. Sometimes when I became desperate I would load a post-doc mentor in my lab with two students. No matter what, I was always able to accommodate every student. To see how I propose to scale this program up, go to the Teaching->Vision section.
Once I found enough mentors, I asked them to give descriptions of their projects. Often this required that I do another one-on-one meeting with each mentor to help them tailor a project (for more details, go to Teaching->Mentoring). Below is an example of the email that I sent requesting the information:
After I received all of the project descriptions, I compiled them in a list and had students choose their top 3. Based on their preferences I would assign students to the mentors. The assignment would depend on their preference but also on how well I thought they would fit into the labs. For example, if a lab had never previously accepted a student, I would make certain that I would place the most devoted student in that lab, so that they would leave a very positive impression...allowing me to get more mentors from that lab in the future. Below is an example of the email that I would send the students with the project descriptions (I've only listed one).
In the final selection stage, each student would be interviewed by his or her mentor. No student ever failed this portion. The primary purpose for this was to give students experience with the interview process. Here is an example of the email that I sent them. In this email, I go over basic email etiquette and advice on the interview process. The only reason I include such a mundane email is because I want to emphasize the need to teach basic things to the high school students. Even though these are some of the most intelligent students, many don't know how to write nice emails or communicate appreciation. I will talk more about this in the Teaching->Mentoring section.
For the high school students to become temporary members of the labs at Brandeis, I had to file a courtesy appointment with the life-sciences department. To do this, I had to provide each student's resume/information (e.g. address, email, citizenship, etc) and the signature of the lab's professor to the office.
Additionally, because high school students are minors, I should have obtained a CORI (a criminal background check) on every mentor. Unfortunately I was managing everything by myself and also balancing my graduate research, so I never did this.
Proper safety training for the students was crucial. All students took a general introductory lab safety course. Unfortunately the one offered to new undergraduate summer students was given too early, so the instructor was very kind and offered another class just for my high school students.
Once students were in lab, they had to take the online CITI training course which covered topics from ethics to management of data. Finally, students that interacted with animals had to take additional courses on animal safety and handling.
In addition to laboratory experience, students in the program usually took two informal courses that I organized (Class #1 and Class #2). Classes#3-5, described below, only ran for one summer and were the result of collaborations with others.
Having a discussion section where I could individualize supplementary mentorship was imperative for the following reasons:
To address these issues, I led a discussion section class for an hour every week, with the following objectives.
Most of this class was dependent on each student and so every year it was different. Below I have provided some information on the more technical things. Some of the life lessons I went over are provided in the Teaching->Mentoring section.
Week 1: Welcome to the Program
Week 2: How to do literature search (for more details check the Teaching->Mentoring section)
Week 3: How to write the Introduction (for more details check the Teaching->Mentoring section)
Week 4: How to write Methods and Results section (for more details check the Teaching->Mentoring section)
Week 5: How to write the Discussion section (for more details check the Teaching->Mentoring section )
Week 6: Present final powerpoint
This class met once a week and was led by myself. I would invite different graduate students and postdocs to give a 45 minute interactive lecture on a concept that they found overwhelmingly beautiful. Afterwards, we would have a discussion. Initially students would be very hesitant to ask questions or share thoughts because they were intimidated by the university atmosphere. To open them up, here is what I did:
At the end of the class, I would assign homework which was usually, "using what you learned in class, write about 2-3 new innovative experiments. Your writeups should start with one or two sentences on what you learned in class and then a description of your experiment which includes the independent and dependent variables along with the control. Alternatively, you can write about a multidisciplinary collaboration that mixes what you learned". We would then discuss this during Class#1 (described above).
To prepare the speakers, I would tell them to pick a topic that was beautiful and breathtaking. I emphasized that the speakers should stay away from too much technical or complex ideas (which is the tendency of graduate speakers) and focus on developing the background. I encouraged them to use as many demonstrations and visuals as possible and tie in anything they were talking about to real life. I also expressed that high school teaching is as much about entertainment as it is education.
From what I remember, some topics included: EEG, optogenetics, how researchers use viruses, why/how research on worms (c.elegans) can help us understand human diseases, how/when human perception is wrong, vestibular illusions, among many others.
Class #3: Biochemistry and 3D printing (only ran one summer)
This class only ran for one summer, when I had some funding from a SPARK grant (a Brandeis grant). It ran once a week for about 4-5 hours. This course was a collaboration between a chemistry professor (Daniel Pomeranz Krummel), a director of science outreach at Brandeis (Anique Olivier-Mason), an undergraduate student (Eduardo Beltrame), the MakerLab and myself. Many graduate students were recruited and instructed on how to create a lesson plan on different topics relevant to biochemistry. Every week a different graduate student would lead the morning lecture session. In the afternoon, the students would 3D design and print the molecules discussed in the lecture. At the end, they made a poster for the undergraduate poster session. In many ways, this program was a great success because it brought together people from many different backgrounds to provide a comprehensive innovative course that mixed academics with 3D printing. The students learned and grew remarkably. Sadly it never ran again for a variety of reasons: 1. I did not have any money, 2. the effort required to run this was very significant, 3. everyone had different views on how to implement the program which led to some mild tension.
Class #4: Python Programming Course (only ran one summer)
One year, one of my running friends from Brandeis offered to teach a course on python programming. So I gathered some students from WHS (some which were in the research program and others that were not) and they learned to program for free.
Class #5: 3D printing and drone flying/design (only ran one summer)
In collaboration with the Brandeis Makerlab (Ian Roy), one year we had a course on 3D printing, drone design and flying. This only met a few times over one summer. It was lots of fun and it also included students from middle and elementary schools, who came from a different project I was working on.
The only reason this program existed was because of the beautiful people from the Brandeis community who devoted their time for free. The contribution of the mentors was a breathtaking display of what makes this world wonderful. The hours that they spent on these students is true gift to the Waltham community. I wish so much that I could give something more than a thanks.
Achini Opathalage
Anna Mukhina
Avijit Bakshi
Carl Merrigan
Charlotte Kelley
Christopher Vecsey
Claire Symanski
Clarisse van der Feltz
Danny Goldstein
David Hampton
Elizaveta Khlestova
Francesco Pontiggia
Jonathan Jackson
Joost Maier
Katherine Parisky
Marjena Popovic
Maitreya Das
Nadya Greenberg
Nate Miska
Peter Millar
Ramin Ali Marandi Ghoddousi
Ranjith Anand
Sumantra Sarkar
Timothy Wiggin
Vinay Eapen
Vivekanand Pandey Vimal
Abigail Noyce, Andrew Balchunas, Anna Mukhina, Brittney Gardner, Chloe Greppi, Eduardo Beltrame, Elizaveta Khlestova, Francesco Pontiggia, Guillaume Duclos, Heather Panic, Honi Sanders, Jerome Fung, Joia Miller, Jonathan Caplan, Ian Roy, Larry Tetone, Laura Laranjo, Lisa Payne, Lishibanya Mohapatra, Maria Genco, Marjena Popović, Michael Ghen, Munzareen Khan, Narendra Mukherjee, Nate Miska, Praveen Taneja, Ranjith Anand, Raji Edayathumangalam, Sacha Panic, Sara Haddad, Timothy Lauer, Vivekanand Pandey Vimal
Angela Gutchess, Anique Olivier-Mason, Avital Rodal, Bulbul Chakraborty, Daniel Pomeranz Krummel, Don Katz, Eve Marder, Gina Turrigiano, James Haber, James Lackner, Jennifer Gutsell, Leslie Griffith, Nikolaus Grigorieff, Paul DiZio, Paul Garrity, Sacha Nelson, Seth Fraden, Shantanu Jadhav, Steve Van Hooser
Even though this program existed underneath the radar, it received some press coverage. Additionally, even though many professors initially dissuaded me from running the program, once it was established, it was written about in multiple grants (mostly to NSF) and mentioned in several meetings (such as when a Representative visited).
The official Brandeis internet magazine: http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2014/august/high-school-student-research.html
The student run newspaper: http://www.thejustice.org/article/2015/10/science-and-community
The official announcement for the SPARK award: http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2015/may/spark-winners.html
A blog on the biochem-3D printing course: https://blc.org/news-events/molecules-life-3d-printing-program
A few articles are initiatives that grew out of the summer research program: