"Adolescence frequently entails traumatic social and personal awakening. The adolescent comes to recognize the faults and weaknesses of his or her society, and rebels against it."
In the past 15 years, there has been a surge of popularity in dystopian novels for young adults, and many of these novels have been made into hugely popular movies.
Childhood can be seen as a symbol of the ideal time in a person's life. Childhood is carefree and absent of suffering. Needs are met by doting adult figures. Because there are no worries, time is passed in play and laughter. Judgment, cruelty, and social anxieties are distant horizons.
Adolescence can be a dark place. Teens are faced with challenging social dynamics, including the pressures of bullying and social media. They are trying to figure out who they want to be, individuals distinct from their parents. They rebel against rules and crave freedoms they don't yet have access to.
Perhaps the plots of dystopian novels feel familiar to young adults during their "teen angst" years:
They feel like the world is against them and adults are messing everything up.
Rules are imposed on them at home and at school, and they don't have a lot of power to resist them.
In a way, they are protagonists in a dystopian society controlled by harsh conformity-focused customs and tyrannical governing bodies.
"Dystopia can act as a powerful metaphor for adolescence. In adolescence, authority appears oppressive, and perhaps no one feels more under surveillance than the average teenager. The teenager is on the brink of adulthood: close enough to see its privileges but unable to enjoy them. The comforts of childhood fail to satisfy. The adolescent craves more power and control and feels the limits on his or her freedom intensely."
Dystopian worlds allow questioning young adults to safely navigate a tumultuous time. Laurence Steinberg, a psychologist at Temple University, suggests, "Kids are going through a stage in development when they are trying on different identities, flexing a muscle that they now have that wasn't very strong before."
The Selection by Kiera Cass
The Giver by Lois Lowry
Unwind by Neal Shusterman
Matched by Ally Condie
The Knife of Never Letting Go by Patrick Ness
The Uglies by Scott Westerfeld
Divergent by Veronica Roth
Legend by Marie Lu
The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
The Maze Runner by James Dashner
Among the Hidden by Margaret Peterson Haddix
The City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau
Blood Red Road by Moira Young
Cinder by Marissa Meyer
The Forest of Hands and Teeth by Carrie Ryan
Brave New Girl by Rachel Vincent
Birthmarked by Caragh M. O'Brien
Gone by Michael Grant
Delirium by Lauren Oliver
Shatter Me by Tahereh Mafi
Life as We Knew It by Susan Beth Pfeffer
The Darkest Minds by Alexandra Bracken
Red Queen by Victoria Aveyard
Article 5 by Kristen Simmons
The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer
The Testing by Joelle Charbonneau
Feed by M.T. Anderson
The Talented Saga by Sophie Davis
Mindspeak by Heather Sunseri
Scythe by Neal Shusterman
An Ember in the Ashes by Sabaa Tahir
The Sandcastle Empire by Kayla Olson
Teens may also be draws to the ethical complexities of dystopian fiction, and the blunt but honest acknowledgment that life isn't all "rainbows and unicorns." In works of dystopia, they see young underdogs making deliberate choices, facing the consequences of their decisions, and maybe ultimately taking an empowering stand against oppression, reclaiming their individuality, and saving others from a miserable fate.
"Exposure to these types of texts can lead young readers to see inequality in their own communities and countries, and even lead them into a finer understanding of how the industrialized world exploits developing nations."
- Hintz & OstryIn a society of mindless consumerism, students are struggling more and more with anxiety and depression. They are constantly bombarded with pressure to want more and buy more, and this combined with the grip of media and technology may be threatening their social, physical, and psychological health. Dystopian literature, in its exaggeration of a modern context, can help students challenge new damaging norms, break free from herd mentality, envision solutions to society's problems, and take action against injustice.
Profit-seeking companies are willing to sacrifice empathy, morality, and health to push their products. We are conditioned to believe we need to buy them, and these days they are a finger-click away. Instant gratification thrives on mindless desire and little reflection of actual need and value. Corporations even infiltrate schools where they know kids will pay to be cool, and many wonder if education is moving from an intellectual to an economic marketplace. Reading dystopian literature can help young adults recognize the manipulation and persuasive techniques aimed at them and perhaps inspire them to make change or take action.
The internet and smart phones are turning us into skimmers instead of careful readers. We are losing our ability to concentrate on sustained mental tasks, resulting in less and less deep thinking. There is so much information on the web that we don't know how to determine and find what's really meaningful. This is all good for the companies who prefer us not to "wake up" and realize what's actually happening. When teens read dystopian literature, they can analyze how technology is controlling and changing society, and they can reflect on the real human impact of this through connecting with fictional characters.
Adolescents are often accused of being politically apathetic, but the popularity of young adult dystopian literature- rife with political concerns- may suggest otherwise. When frightening societal problems are interwoven with common teen issues of identity, romance, and coming-of-age, students may feel a more personal connection to politics and be inspired to step into their roles as future leaders and problem-solvers, like the young women detained in Korea for using the Hunger Games solute to oppose their government.
Dystopian novels introduce older students to problems and human rights violations that don't just occur in fiction. For example, the violence against children in The Hunger Games can be related to national and global hunger, forced labor, child soldiers, and sex trafficking. When it is so challenging to get teenagers to empathize with others whose lives are so far-removed from their own- and they are desensitized to or ignorant of the struggles young people face in other parts of the world- this fiction can raise their awareness and be a springboard for social action projects.
"The wish for a kindler, gentler literature for adolescents is really a wish for a kinder, gentler adolescent experience. But that just doesn't exist anymore."
- Patricia McCormickSome argue that dystopian literature is too full of "doom and gloom" and violence. Why would we encourage teens to read such hopeless stories? In fact, most YA dystopia is optimistic compared to adult dystopia.
teen protagonists are more powerful and knowledgeable than the adults
they take control, showing courage in rebelling against oppressive governments and trying to alter society's course
can be a conduit for the transferring of moral values
convince readers of the need for intervention to prevent future horrors
teach that a new, better way of life can emerge from the ruins if we hold on to our humanity and fight for justice
over-reliance on technology
knowledge specialization
freedom of information
social & economic inequality
entertainment, reality TV
abuse of power, loss of individual freedom
post 9/11 national security
media potrayal of terrorists
political apathy of the younger generation
beauty standards
link between identity & material products
influence of consumerism on teenagers
big business and advertising
effects of technology on intelligence and social connection
herd psychology
civil war
class divisions
pandemic disease
emphasis on testing to determine an individual's fate
loss of reading and writing
drugs as escape
natural disaster
genetically improved humans
cloning & organ harvesting
illegal immigration
exploitation of the poor by the rich
Teens read because they believe, despite the callow protestations of certain adults, that books--especially the dark and dangerous ones--will save them."
- Sherman AlexieSources:
Ames, M. (2013). Engaging “Apolitical” Adolescents: Analyzing the Popularity and Educational Potential of Dystopian Literature Post-9/11. The High School Journal, 97(1), 3–20.
Astor, D. (2012, December 19). Why Do We Like Dystopian Novels? Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-do-we-like-dystopian-novels_b_1979301?guccounter=1
Campbell, J. W. (2019). The order and the other: young adult dystopian literature and science fiction. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Gann, L., & Gavigan, K. (2012). The other side of dark: is it really the end of the world? Examining the nature of young adult dystopian literature.(Report). Voice of Youth Advocates, 35(3).
Nadworny, E. (2018, July 5). For Teens, Dystopian Fiction Seems Pretty Real — And That's Why They Like It. NPR. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/07/05/623292216/for-teens-dystopian-fiction-seems-pretty-real-and-thats-why-they-like-it
Wilkinson, R. (2010). Teaching Dystopian Literature to a Consumer Class. English Journal, 99(3), 22–26. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/237312489/