Melody is a series of notes played in an order that is memorable and recognisable as a separate unit - in other words, the tune.

e.g. conjunct, disjunct, chromatic, diatonic, phrasing, repetition, sequence, ornamentation, motifs, round/canon, riffs, hooks, head, improvisation.

In simple terms, harmony is what occurs when more than one note is played or sung at the same time - in other words, chords.

e.g. major and minor triads, power chords, 7th chords, sus chords, extended chords, suspensions, inversions, chord sequences, arpeggios, broken chords.

Tonality is, in simple terms, the key in which a piece of music is written, or a word to denote music written using conventional keys and harmony - making sure the notes sound nice together (or not, if that's what you want!)

e.g. major scale, minor scales, blues scale, pentatonic scale, modes, ragas, exotic scales.

Rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds as you move through the song. A rhythm is a pattern of sounds of different lengths.

e.g. metre, tempo/bpm, syncopation, swing, one drop/skanking, polyrhythms, hemiola, phasing.

Structure is the order that different parts of the song are played in, how it's organised into sections.

e.g. verse/ chorus, 12-bar blues, through-composed, bridge, intro, outro, ABACAD

The different instruments used, the combination of instruments and the sound of instruments

e.g. instrumental techniques, type of ensemble, alternative instrumentation, sonic features, electronic sounds

Texture describes how layers of sound within a piece of music interact, and if there are a lot, or only a few layers.

e.g. solo, duet, homophonic, polyphonic, unison.

The sound quality of a note, as in, is it soft, harsh, distorted...

e.g. sonic features, electronic sounds, FX.

How the music is produced, created or performed.

e.g. microphone use, recording styles, sampling, FX, looping, controllerism, turntablism, quantisation, sequencing, automation.