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In kindergarten, students are taught the foundational skills they need in order to understand the base-ten system. By making 10 using concrete manipulatives, students develop an understanding that 10 one's units can be bundled or exchanged for 1 ten unit. As they learn to count to 10 using one-to-one matching, they can then begin joining numbers to create totals of 10 or "friendly" numbers (9+1, 8+2, 7+3, 6+4, 5+5). Teen numbers are taught by composing and decomposing 10 and some more ones. During these introductory lessons, students should be given plenty of time to explore these concepts and skills using concrete manipulatives, moving to representational models and eventually abstract numbers, notations, and mathematical symbols.
Common Core State Standards
Common Core State Standards
This video demonstrates how to compose and decompose teen numbers using base ten blocks.
Concrete Level: Using Hands-On Math Manipulatives to Explore 10
Allow students ample time to work with hands-on, concrete manipulatives before moving on to the representational level of working with 10. Make several different math tools available for practice. Base ten blocks, double-sided counters, and math bears are a few examples of age-appropriate manipulatives.
Representational Level: Place Value Cards
Using place value cards can show students that 10 and 6 are joined together to make 16. Decomposing teen numbers can be connected with any of the concrete math tools mentioned above.
Abstract Level: Mathematical Equations
After students have shown mastery of numbers and operations in base 10 using various hands-on tools and have had practice using representations of these models, they can be introduced to the numerical equation that matches.
Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into ten ones and some further ones, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each composition or decomposition by a drawing or equation (such as 18 = 10 + 8); understand that these numbers are composed of ten ones and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine ones.
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