Methods

STEPS:

1. Birds were temporarily captured using mist nets. Physiological measurements were recorded, blood samples were collected and birds were safely released. 

2. DNA was extracted from blood samples to detect parasite presence.

3. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis were used to amplify and visualize parasite DNA. 

4. Samples were sequenced to identify parasite genera present (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon). 

5. Host health was assessed using hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood glucose, and fat score measurements.