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C.1: How to establish operational definitions of behavior?
What is operation definition?
What is operation definition?
Think about the explanation of a behavior of interest and how specific and objectively stated it should be...plain language!
EX: Let's look at a behavior, "self-injury/SIB". How can that be operationally defined tailored to a client? An instance when the client strikes their arms and/or legs with clenched fist with mild to severe intensity.
C.2: What is direct, indirect and product of measures of behavior?
Direct Measures
Direct Measures
the actual measure of a behavior as it occurs
these procedures provide measurable and validaded information of a client's behavior
Real-Time measurement
Indirect Measures
Indirect Measures
when a behavior cannot be measured or isn't measured in real-time, as it happens
Provides a "second-hand" account of what actually occurred providing information from caregivers, teachers, interviews,.
BE CAREFUL WITH THIS ONE
We want to make sure we are making accurate inferences to prevent violating A.5.
- only utilize when there are no means of taking direct measurement
- BCBA's must establish validity
Product Measures
Product Measures
Measurement of behavior AFTER it occurred by examining the effects of behavior
Take a look at the environmental factors and the changes it produced
Utilize event recording, timing and time sampling
This can allow accurate and complete continuous date when warranted
C.3: Measure Occurrence
Count is the # of occurrence
add up the # of times a behavior occurred
utilize when observation time is constant accross obseravtions
Rate is the # of occurrence at a given period of time
COUNT/TIME or FREQUENCY/DURATION
widely used and is the basic measurement in ABA
gives the meaning to measurement
Celeration is when rates of responding change over time
RATE/TIME
Acceleration = faster responding
Deceleration = slower responding
Like fluency building where it results in an increase of response rates
Resource Link:
https://alldayaba.org/blog/f/measure-occurrence---aba-study-materials---section-c-3
Derivative Measures of occurrence come from the dimensional qualities
Percentage
Trials to Criterion
Percentage
Percentage
Ratio formed by combining the same dimensional qualities like count and time
this depicts the proportional quantity of the # of counts the behavior occurred out of the total # of opportunities for that behavior to occur
To utilize, at least 30 response opportunites are required over 100%
Trials of Criterion
Trials of Criterion
Specific # of response opportunities requuired to achieve a pre=specified level of performance criteria
C.4: Measure Temporal Dimensions of Behavior
3 Fundamental Measureable Qualities
Repeatability: behavior that can be counted (FREQUENCY)
Temporal Extent: behavior that occurs during an amount of time (DURATION)
Temporal Locus: behavior that occurs at a certain time (LATENCY & INTERRESPONSE TIME)
Resource Link:
https://alldayaba.org/blog/f/duration-latency-and-other-temporal-measures-of-behavior---c-4
Duration
Duration
Length of time of a behavior from onset to offset
Utilize when the length of behavior is a concern, can be in moments that are too brief or too long
2 Methods of Calculation
Total Duration-per-session: Adding all the occurrences of duration that happened in a total session. (1m2s + 2m+4m2s+1m54s= 8m58s in a 3 hour session)
Duration-per-occurence: measuring the duration during each instance where the response occurred (response 1-3m5s, response 2-2m55s, response 3-1m34s)
Latency
Latency
Duration of time between the onset of a stimuli and the initiation of a response (the time in the middle)
Utilize when you need to measure how much time passed when presentng the SD to when the client engages in behavior
Interresponse Time (IRT)
Interresponse Time (IRT)
Duration of time that elapes between two occurrences of behavior/responses
Utilize when there is concern of time in between the behaviors, consider for differential reinforcement schedules (DRO, DRL, DRH)
Functionallu-related to rates of response
short IRT = high rates
long IRT = low rates
C.5: Measure Form and Strength (topography/magnitude)
Magnitude: strength/force/intensity/ severity of a behavior
Use to measure the force of a behavior with a specific intensity is needed for successful responding
Topography: can be measurable and changeable in its physical form or shape
Topography can be different but still have the same function
C.6: Trials to Criterion
The measure of the # of response opportunities required to achieve a pre-specified level of performance criteria
Trial is defined by:
nature of target behavior
important setting variables
predetermined performance criteria
EXAMPLE: # of opportunities to emit that behavior independently (%) or by the blocks of certain # of trails required for the client to emit the correct response (count)
C.7: Design and Implement Sampling Procedures
Time Sampling Procedures
Direct methods of recording behavior during intervals or moments of time
represents behaviors from observational period
Utilize for continuous behavior or high-rates of behavior
When behavior has no clear start or end
Below are some examples that give an explanation of sampling procedures but with a comical side to it. The host is a bit silly but he gets the point across.
C.8: Evaluate the Validity and the Reliability of Measurement: trustworthiness?
THREATS TO VALIDITY
Indirect Measure or proxy measures
measuring the wrong dimension of the target behavior
Measuring artifacts
Validity
Validity
Where measurement is able to produce data that is applicable and specific to the target behavior and the why behind it
3 Relying Fundamentals
Measuring the revelant information
Directing measures that are socially significant to the target behavior
Guarantee that data represents the behavior is occurring in the conditions of interest
THREATS TO RELIABILITY
Poorly created measurement systems (complicated measurement systems )
Bad observer training (observer drift)
Unintended influences (measurement bias and observer reactivity)
Reliability
Reliability
Dependability of measurement
the degree in which the repeating measurement procedure is having the same results
3 Fundamentals
Poor reliability = problems with accuracy
Reliable data does not mean valid data
Relliable data does not mean accurate data
Resource Link: https://alldayaba.org/blog/f/c8-evaluate-the-validity-and-reliability-of-measurement-in-aba
C.9: Measurement procedure to obtain representative data
Repeatability
Repeatability
Total Count
Mean count per interval
Exact count-per-interval
Trial-by-Trial
Temporal/Duration
Temporal/Duration
Total duration
Mean duration per occurrence
Time Sampling
Time Sampling
Interval-by-Interval
Scored interval
Unscored interval
C.10: Graph data to communicate relevant quantitative relations
Equal-Interval Graph
Equal-Interval Graph
Line Graph
Line Graph
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
Quizlet Link: https://quizlet.com/603211157/c-10-graph-data-to-communicate-relevant-quantitative-relations-eg-equal-interval-graphs-bar-graphs-cumulative-records-flash-cards/
Cumulative Records
Cumulative Records
Semilogarithmic Charts
Semilogarithmic Charts
Scatterplot
Scatterplot
C.11: Interpret graphed data
Resource Link: https://alldayaba.org/blog/f/c11-interpreting-graphed-data-in-aba
C.12: Select a measurement procedure to obtain representative procedural integrity data
TO FINISH OFF...this link takes you to a table of contents to an ABA website that has each task list organized
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