Geographical Setting: The story is set in Cuba, primarily in a small fishing village near Havana and in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba.
The Boat: Santiago, the old man, uses a small, traditional fishing skiff. This type of boat is modest and suitable for one person, reflecting Santiago's solitary life as a fisherman.
Time Period: The novel was published in 1952, and the story is set around the same time. This period is post-World War II, during a time of change and political tension, both globally and in Cuba.
Cuban Culture and Fishing Community: The novel reflects the life and culture of Cuban fishermen. The community's attitudes toward age, skill, and luck, as well as their respect for the sea, are integral to the story.
The Marlin: The large fish that Santiago battles is a marlin, a species known for its size, strength, and beauty. The struggle with the marlin is a central event in the book, symbolizing various thematic elements like man's struggle against nature.
Political Context: While the novel doesn't directly deal with politics, it was written during a turbulent period in Cuba's history, leading up to the Cuban Revolution. Awareness of this context can add depth to the understanding of the novel.
Hemingway's Personal Connection to Cuba: Hemingway lived in Cuba for many years, and his experiences there greatly influenced his writing. This personal connection adds authenticity to the novel's setting and characters.
Sharks: The sharks that attack Santiago's boat and the marlin symbolize inevitable destruction and the loss of hard-earned victories, adding a layer of existential struggle to the story.
The Sea: The detailed descriptions of the sea, weather, and marine life reflect a deep respect and understanding of nature, important for understanding the setting and Santiago's character.
Gregorio Fuentes: One significant influence was Gregorio Fuentes, a Cuban fisherman and the captain of Hemingway's boat, Pilar. Fuentes was a man of the sea, much like Santiago. His deep knowledge of fishing, the ocean, and his resilience in the face of the often harsh life of a fisherman provided a living model for Santiago's character.
Carlos Gutierrez: Another influence was Carlos Gutierrez, a renowned Cuban fisherman. Hemingway admired his skill and the stories of his exploits, which added depth to his understanding of the solitary and challenging life of fishermen like Santiago.
The Community in Cuba: The time Hemingway spent in Cuba, especially in the fishing village of Cojímar, exposed him to the lives of many fishermen. Their daily struggles, their interactions with the sea, and their simple yet profound philosophies of life greatly influenced the backdrop and ambiance of the story.