Samori Ture

Samori Ture was a Muslim cleric and a military strategist; he resisted French colonial rule in West Africa from 1882 until 1898, when he was captured. Ture was born in 1830. 18 years later, his mother was captured in the course of war, so Ture went to exchange himself for his mother. As a result, he entered the Cissé clan, which was the clan that captured his mother. He learned how to handle firearms and seven years, seven months, and seven days later, he fled with his mother. Ture slowly started to gain a reputation, especially after his tactical approaches to negotiate the war with two great kingdoms. In February 1882, a French expedition fired upon one of Ture's armies. He drove off the French, but was undoubtly alarmed with the French's discipline and firepower. To resist the French, he first expanded south-westward to secure a line of communication with Liberia. In January 1885, he sent an embassy to Freetown with an offer to put his kingdom under British protection. They allowed Ture to buy large amounts of modern repeating rifles, but at this time, the British didn't want to deal with the French. When the French tried to seize the Buré gold fields in 1885, Ture divided his army into three mobile columns, counter-attacking, and successfully worked his way around the French lines of communication, forcing them to withdraw. 

In March of 1891, the French launched a direct attack, and Ture failed to push the French from the core of his kingdom. In June 1892, a small, well-supplied force of men captured Ture's capital of Bissandugu. The British also stopped selling breechloading guns to Ture because of the Burssels Conference Act of 1890. Ture had to start shifting his bases of operations eastward, which eventually cut off his last sources of modern weapons, but it did delay the French. After the spring of 1893, the French partially succeeded in cutting off Ture's sources of weapons. Ture tried to negotiate with the British authorities, but the British refused. By 1898, he lost practically all his territory, and after fleeing, he was caught on the 29th of Septmeber, 1898. He died two years alter in captivity, following a bout of pneumonia. 

Satori Ture was known as one of the most powerful resisters towards French colonization due to his ability to create collbaration between diverse groups and his tactical war strategies. 

In order to handle the consequences of withdrawing from the federation, Prime Minister Mamadou Dia proclaimed a state of emergency on August 21, 1960. The National Assembly adopted a constitution creating a mixed parliamentary-presidential system on August 25, 1960. Léopold Sédar Senghor was proclaimed as the president and Mamadou Moustapha Dia as the prime minister. Since Senegal was a former colony of France, they allowed France to maintain several military bases in the country.

The Prime Minister used his emergency powers to begin implementing "radical" agricultural reforms, including nationalization of peanut production, which President Senghor and other conservatives opposed to. While more and more people started to riot against Prime Minister Dia, he again, used his emergency powers to say that their motion of censure was illegal, and ordered military and civilian policemen to remove National Assembly deputies from the building. He was later arrested and held in life imprisonment. Their government decided to remove the Prime Minister position and established a presidential system in place.