EXPERIMENT 5

Title of the Expirement : Full-Wave Rectifier Using Center-Tapped Transformer and Bridge Diodes .

Objectives :To design and simulate a full-wave rectifier circuit using a center-tapped transformer and a diode bridge configuration to convert AC voltage into DC voltage. 

Circuit Diagram:

Description of Components:

1. AC Source (V1):

   • Provides an AC voltage signal with:

     • Amplitude: 220V (peak)

     • Frequency: 50 Hz

     • Series Resistance (Rser): 0.01 Ω

2. Transformer (L1 & L2):

   • Primary inductance: 40 μH

   • Secondary inductance: 1 μH

   • Coupling factor K = 1 ensures ideal coupling.

3. Diodes (D1, D2, D3, D4):

   • Four 1N4148 diodes form a bridge rectifier for full-wave rectification.

4. Load Resistor (R1):

   • A resistor with a value of 1 kΩ serves as the load.

Working Principle:

• The full-wave rectifier converts an AC input voltage into DC output voltage.

• The circuit uses a center-tapped transformer for AC to step down/up the voltage and splits the signal into two halves.

• Four diodes form a bridge to rectify both halves of the input AC signal.

Operation:

1. During the positive half-cycle of the AC signal, D1 and D4 conduct, allowing current through the load resistor (R1).

2. During the negative half-cycle, D2 and D3 conduct, ensuring current flows in the same direction through R1.

3. The output waveform across R1 is a pulsating DC voltage.

Key Observations:

• The output voltage consists of two rectified half-cycles per input AC cycle.

• The frequency of the output waveform is twice the input frequency (100 Hz for a 50 Hz input).

Simulation Parameters:

• Input Voltage Source: SINE(0 220 50)

• Simulation Time: .tran 100m (100 ms transient analysis)

• Coupling Factor: K L1 L2 1

Procedure:

1. Step 1: Circuit Assembly

   • Assemble the circuit in simulation software .

2. Step 2: Simulation Setup

   • Set up the AC input voltage as SINE(0 220 50).

   • Perform a transient analysis for 100 ms.

3. Step 3: Run Simulation

   • Simulate the circuit to observe the following waveforms:

     • Input AC Voltage (V1)

     • Output Voltage across R1

4. Step 4: Analysis

   • Analyze the waveforms and measure:

     • Peak output voltage (DC).

     • Ripple observed.

     • Current through the load resistor (R1).

Waveforms to Observe:

1. Input Voltage (V1):

   • A sinusoidal waveform of 220V peak at 50 Hz.

2. Output Voltage (Across R1):

   • A full-wave rectified waveform (positive cycles of both halves).

3. Output Current (Through R1):

   • Corresponding rectified current based on Ohm’s Law:
     V=IR

Conclusion:

The full-wave rectifier successfully converts an AC input voltage into a DC output voltage using a center-tapped transformer and bridge diodes. The output waveform shows full-wave rectification with a frequency twice the input signal.