Communication Approaches (how we communicate)

• Bilingual/Bimodal

• Cued Speech

• Listening and Spoken Language (auditory-verbal/auditory-oral)

• Pidgin Signed English

• Manually Coded English (Signed Exact English (SEE), Signed English)

• Sign-supported Speech

• Simultaneous Communication

Communication Modalities (ways we communicate)

• Sign Language 

• System of Cues

• Listening/Speaking

• Speechreading

• Gestures

• Tactile 

• Facial/Body Expression

Instructional Philosophies (modalities and approaches used instructionally)

• ASL/English Bilingual/Bicultural: American Sign Language (ASL), a full and complete, visual language with complex grammatical structures that incorporate signs and non-manual markers expressed via the face and body, is used as the first language of the child while English is the second. Signed and spoken languages are used intentionally and separately giving equal value and representation to both. An immersion in Deaf culture, deaf history, and a promotion of self identity and advocacy is key in this approach. 

• Total Communication: The use of ALL communication modalities is found in this approach. In these settings it is important to find and use the right combination of communication modalities for each, individual student. 

• Listening and Spoken Language: The use of auditory skills to listen/understand spoken language and the use of oral skills to communicate and interact with others. No sign language is used in this approach. 

The Deaf, Hard of Hearing, DeafBlind Communication Plan 

Schools must ensure the needs of their students who are eligible for special education as Deaf, hard of hearing, and deaf-blind are met. Individualized Education Program Teams have various discussions to determine the needed supports and accommodations needed to ensure the educational success of an individual student. Teams also discuss the least restrictive environment in which to place the student. As is required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), these discussions must also include the deaf student's communication preferences and needs. The Hawaii Department of Education Deaf/Hard of Hearing/DeafBlind Communication Plan is a tool which allows IEP teams to capture the required discussion. It assists the IEP team in identifying a student’s primary language or mode of communication, communication and instructional opportunities, and other necessary supports and services which will guide the creation of the entire IEP for the student.   

Page updated 12/2023