Embedded Files
Unit 7: Gilded Age & Progressive Era
Terms
Gilded Age: time of rapid economic growth, particularly in the Northern and Western United States.
Bessemer Process: a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed in the 19th century.
Progressivism: group of reform movements that focused on urban problems, including workplace problems, poor sanitation, and government corruption.
Industrial Revolution: the time of transformation from an agricultural to industrial society.
Nineteenth Amendment: allows for women to vote in the United States.
Tenement housing: small, rundown apartments in major cities at the turn of the 20th century.
Square Deal: President Theodore Roosevelt's three-part domestic program; conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
Sherman Antitrust Act: law making monopolies illegal in the United States.
People & Places
Woodrow Wilson: twenty-eighth president of the United States; served two terms.
Susan B. Anthony: leading figure of the Women's Suffrage Movement.
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt: twenty-sixth president of the United States; served two terms.
William Howard Taft: twenty-seventh president of the United States; served one term.
W.E.B. DuBois: founder of the NAACP.
Jacob Riis: famous journalist who chronicled the poor living conditions of tenement housing.
Ellis Island: the primary immigration station in the United States between 1892-1920.
Concepts
Suffrage: the right to vote.
Monopoly: exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market.
Immigrate: to move to a non-native country or region to live.
Laizzez-faire: belief that the government should stay out of business regulation.
Social Darwinism: states that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.
Unit 8: World War I & 1920s
Terms
Schlieffen Plan: German military plan that addressed how to handle a war on two fighting fronts.
Zimmerman Note: a memorandum sent by Germany to Mexico encouraging an attack on the United States.
Allied Powers: comprised of Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States.
Central Powers: comprised of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Harlem Renaissance: era in which African American literature, art, and music flourished.
Roaring Twenties: an era in which many Americans defied Prohibition and challenged traditional standards.
Speakeasies: illegal, underground bars of the Prohibition era.
Prohibition: era of American history in which the manufacturing, distribution, sale, and consumption of alcohol was illegal.
Treaty of Versailles: peace treaty officially ending World War I.
People & Places
Franz Ferdinand: Archduke of Austria-Hungary.
Kaiser Wilhelm II: Emperor of Germany during World War I.
Woodrow Wilson: twenty-eighth President of the United States.
Gavrilo Princip: Serbian assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Somme: location of the bloodiest battle of World War I.
Paris: capital of France and location of World War I peace conference.
Concepts
Sit-down strike: protest in which a group of people refuse to leave a designated area.
Trench warfare: a type of strategy of attrition in which sides assault one another from long-term, fixed positions.
Casualty: refers to a soldier who is killed, wounded, missing, or deserted in a battle.
Counterculture: refers to a group of people do and believe in things outside of what society considers normal or typical.
Bootlegging: the illegal manufacturing, distribution, and sale of an illegal product.
Unit 9: Great Depression & WWII
Terms
Great Depression: worst economic collapse in U.S. history.
Shantytowns: unplanned slum development in cities during the Great Depression.
New Deal: President Roosevelt's initiative of relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.
Allied Powers: consisted of the United States, Soviet Union, France, and Great Britain.
Triple Axis: consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Operation Overlord: commonly known as D-Day; June 6, 1944.
Operation Market Garden: code name for the Allied liberation of Holland.
Nazi-Soviet Pact: mutual agreement between Stalin and Hitler of non-aggression.
People & Places
Dust Bowl: region of the Great Plains that experienced a long drought during the Great Depression.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR): 32nd President of the United States; served four terms.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: Allied commander of World War II in Europe.
Douglas MacArthur: Allied commander of World War II in the Pacific.
Adolf Hitler: leader of Nazi Germany.
Rosie the Riveter: fictional character who promoted gender equality and work in factories.
Stalingrad: location of the bloodiest battle of World War II in Europe.
Okinawa: location of the bloodiest battle of World War II in the Pacific.
Pearl Harbor: site of Japanese attack on December 7, 1941.
Hiroshima: site of first atomic bombing near the end of World War II.
Nagasaki: site of second atomic bombing near the end of World War II.
Concepts
Appeasement: giving into an aggressor's demand in order to maintain peace.
Blitzkrieg: swift, sudden military offensives.
Liberation: U.S. strategy of World War II in Europe.
Unconditional surrender: a process by which no terms or negotiations are offered to a defeated nation.
Holocaust: destruction or slaughter on a massive scale.
Internment camp: confined area for citizens who have been forcefully relocated.
Unit 10: Civil Rights Movement
Terms
Montgomery Bus Boycott: protest in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama.
March on Washington: massive protest march in August 1963, culminating with King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
Greensboro Sit-In: famous act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.
Freedom Summer: volunteer campaign to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi.
People & Places
Martin Luther King, Jr.: famous Civil Rights leader who became a visible, nonviolent spokesman.
Malcolm X: famous Civil Rights leader who advocated for black empowerment.
Rosa Parks: refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Thurgood Marshall: first African American justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.
Concepts
Protest: a statement or action expressing objection or disapproval of something.
Atrocity: a cruel act, typically involving physical violence or injury.
Discrimination: to treat a person or group differently based on race, gender, or another distinction.
Segregate: to separate one group from another.
Integration: to incorporate one group into another.
Nonviolence: peaceful resistance to a government.
Unit 11: Cold War
Terms
Cold War: period of tension between the United States and Soviet Union, beginning with the end of World War II and ending with the collapse of the Berlin Wall.
Korean War: conflict between North and South Korean military forces in the early 1950s.
Vietnam War: conflict between North and South Vietnamese military forces in the 1960s and 1970s.
Tet Offensive: massive invasion of South Vietnam by North Vietnamese forces in 1968.
Hippie: counterculturalist of the 1960s and 1970s who protested the Vietnam War.
17th Parallel: dividing line between North and South Vietnam.
38th Parallel: dividing line between North and South Korea.
Watergate: the political scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon.
People & Places
John F. Kennedy (JFK): 35th President of the United States; served one term.
Lyndon Johnson: 36th President of the United States; served one term.
Richard Nixon: 37th President of the United States; served one term.
William Westmoreland: commander of U.S. forces during the Vietnam War.
Saigon: capital city of South Vietnam.
Concepts
Alligiance: loyalty or commitment of a subordinate to a superior.
Geopolitical: relating to politics, especially international relations, influenced by geographical factors.
Unit 12: Modern America
Terms
Reaganomics: economic program based on the trickle down theory.
Strategic Defense Initiative: President Reagan’s high-tech, anti-nuclear defense system.
Reagan Revolution: attempt to return American to traditional values of church, family, and free enterprise.
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981: federal law passed to boost the economy, reduce inflation, and increase employment.
Operation Urgent Fury: codename for the invasion of Grenada in October 1983.
Gulf War: conflict between Iraq and coalition forces, including the United States, occuring in 1990-1991.
Patriot Act: aimed at deterring and punishing terrorists in the United States and throughout the world.
Operation Iraqi Freedom: the 2003 invasion of Iraq with a goal of removing Saddam Hussein from power.
Nostalgia Era: nickname given to the decade of the 1990s.
Internet: global wide area network that connects computer systems throughout the world.
People & Places
Ronald Reagan: 40th President of the United States; served two terms.
George H.W. Bush: 41st President of the United States; served one term.
Moral Majority: political action group formed to further traditional agenda, such as prayer in schools.
Mikhail Gorbachev: leader of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991.
Bill Clinton: 42nd President of the United States; served two terms.
George W. Bush: 43rd President of the United States; served two terms.
Barack Obama: 44th President of the United States; served two terms.
Saddam Hussein: leader of Iraq from 1979-2003.
Taliban: ruling group in Afghanistan during 9/11.
World Trade Center: complex of seven buildings located in the Financial District of New York City.
Pentagon: headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense, located in Washington, D.C.
Concepts
Conservatism: belief that the government should have a limited role in helping individuals and support traditional values and lifestyles.
Consumerism: belief that a person’s happiness is dependent on obtaining goods and material possession.
Coalition: a combination of diverse things into a collective group.
Bombardment: an attack in which explosive devices are dropped on a large scale.
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