TOPIC 5
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
Embedded Files
TOPIC CONTENT: VERTICAL CIRCULATION
5.1 STAIRCASE 5.1.1 Staircase Component 5.1.2 Staircase Configuration 5.1.3 Staircase by Materials 5.1.4 Staircase Design Requirement 5.1.5 Staircase Construction Drawing Guideline 5.1.6 Staircase Innovation & Design 5.2 RAMP 5.2.1 Overview of Ramp 5.2.2 Types of Ramp 5.2.3 Ramp Design Requirement 5.2.4 Ramp Design 5.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR 5.3.1 Types of Lift / Elevator 5.3.2 Lift / Elevator Design Requirements 5.3.3 Lift & Elevator Innovation 5.4 ESCALATOR 5.4.1 Types of Escalator 5.4.2 Escalator Design Requirements 5.4.3 Escalator Innovation
5.1 STAIRCASE 5.1.1 Staircase Component 5.1.2 Staircase Configuration 5.1.3 Staircase by Materials 5.1.4 Staircase Design Requirement 5.1.5 Staircase Construction Drawing Guideline 5.1.6 Staircase Innovation & Design 5.2 RAMP 5.2.1 Overview of Ramp 5.2.2 Types of Ramp 5.2.3 Ramp Design Requirement 5.2.4 Ramp Design 5.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR 5.3.1 Types of Lift / Elevator 5.3.2 Lift / Elevator Design Requirements 5.3.3 Lift & Elevator Innovation 5.4 ESCALATOR 5.4.1 Types of Escalator 5.4.2 Escalator Design Requirements 5.4.3 Escalator Innovation
5.1 STAIRCASE
5.1 STAIRCASE
5.1.1 STAIRCASE COMPONENT
5.1.1 STAIRCASE COMPONENT
5.1.2 STAIRCASE CONFIGURATION
5.1.2 STAIRCASE CONFIGURATION
STRAIGHT-RUN STAIR
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Has no turns or winders
Advantages:
- Easiest to go up and down or ascend/descend
- Only need to be connected at the top and the bottom (no intermediate supporting structure is required).
- Work well with minimalist designed homes due to their inherent simplicity.
- By selecting thinner treads, open risers and thin metal stringers, straight stairs can be made more transparent than other types of stairs allowing less obstruction to the view beyond.
- No landing is required if the number of risers <16 or the overall vertical height is <12 feet.
- Its relatively easy to build railings and handrails for straight stairs
Disadvantages:
- Straight stairs use up a fair amount of linear space which has to be planned for in your design.
- Some of the other stair types create a privacy barrier between the floors of your home. Straight stairs do not offer this privacy.
- A stair 12 feet high requires a landing to break up the span. The addition of a landing will use up a lot more space and therefore these types of stairs are seldom used in residential construction.
QUARTER-TURN STAIR
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Also called an L-shaped, makes a right-angled turn
- Two flights connected by an intervening landing (equal or unequal)
Advantages:
- L Stairs can be more visually interesting.
- They provide a visual barrier between floors so they can add some privacy.
- Help with sound transmission between floors if the stairs are contained within walls.
- Safer than straight stairs as the central landing reduces the number of treads one could fall in a given flight.
- The landing can provide a place to stop and rest while ascending.
- They can be located in a corner of a room if this works better for your design.
Disadvantages:
- A support is typically required for the landing in a L-type stair. Often this is built into the surrounding walls so it goes unnoticed. In modern dwellings however it is usually desirable to open up the space leaving the stair structure visible. In these cases the supporting structure can be visually minimized by taking advantage of the strength of steel to create slim supporting members.
- Handrails for these types of stairs require more skill and planning to construct.
HALF-TURN STAIR
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Turns 180° turn or through two right turns with intervening landing
- More compact than a straight-run stair
- The two flights connected by the landing may be equal or unequal
Advantages:
- U shaped stairs can be easier to fit into an architectural plan.
- They offer some architectural interest.
- The landing(s) can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.
Disadvantages:
- These types of stairs are a bit more difficult to build.
WINDING STAIR
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Quarter-turn and half-turn stairs may also use winders rather than a landing to conserve space when changing direction.
- Winders can be hazardous since they offer little foothold at their interior corners.
- Restricted only for the use of private access (limited)
Advantages:
- Require less space than many other types of stairs. They are very common in older homes, often used as a secondary staircase where the grand staircase may have been in the entry and the winder used as an access to the kitchen.
- They have more visual interest. Winder stairs seem to create a more seamless transition, visually, as they meander around corners. For this reason they have gained popularity in modern homes. Their compactness has also made them attractive in sustainable home designs.
Disadvantages:
- Winder stairs are a little harder to navigate than L stairs.
- It can be more difficult to add a handrail to these than some of the other types of stairs.
- Like L shaped stairs, a center support is typically required.
CURVED / CIRCULAR STAIR
Advantages
Disadvantages:
- Has a circular plan configuration
- Although with winders, it can be use as main access/egress if the inner radius is at least twice the actual width of the stairway
Advantages
- Curved staircases are often very elegant and traditional but this type of design can equally be adapted to contemporary designs.
- They are relatively easy to walk up (if the radius is large).
Disadvantages:
- Curved stairs are by far the most difficult to build of the various types of stairs. In fact building curved stairs represents a pinnacle of achievement for any stair builder or fabricator. For this reason, they are the most costly to build.
SPIRAL STAIR
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Consists of wedge-shaped treads winding around and supported by a central post.
- Occupy a minimum amount of floor space
- Restricted only for the use of private access due to limitation is space and headroom
Advantages:
- Their compactness. They are very popular on beach front decks where space is at a premium. They are also used extensively on city lofts for the same reason.
- Can be attractive and there are may variations on railings styles which can have a major impact on the overall appearance of the stair.
- Since the center pole and landing typically provide the structural support for the stairs, they do not need much in the way of extra support structures making installation easier than many other types of stairs.
Disadvantages:
- More difficult to navigate than other types of stairs. It is for this reason that codes do not allow them to be used as the primary access to a full second floor of a home.
- Walk ability improves as the outside diameter gets larger so if you have the space, you may want to consider going a bit larger. 5 feet in diameter if you can.
- It is difficult to carry large items up spiral stairs.
- Only one person can go up or down the stairs at the same time.
5.1.3 STAIRCASE BY MATERIALS
5.1.3 STAIRCASE BY MATERIALS
TIMBER STAIRCASE
Advantages of Timber Staircases:
- Aesthetic Appeal: Timber staircases add warmth, elegance, and natural beauty to a space. Wood's natural grain and color can complement various interior design styles, from rustic to contemporary.
- Versatility: Wood can be easily shaped, allowing for a wide range of designs and customizations, including intricate carvings and unique stair configurations.
- Durability: High-quality hardwoods, such as oak or maple, are strong and durable, capable of withstanding heavy use when properly maintained.
- Comfort: Timber staircases generally have a warmer feel compared to metal or concrete options, making them more comfortable to walk on.
- Ease of Maintenance: Wood surfaces can be refinished or repaired relatively easily. Scratches or dents can be sanded down and the surface re-stained or varnished.
- Insulation: Wood naturally provides some level of thermal and acoustic insulation, reducing noise and adding a bit of warmth to the space.
Disadvantages of Timber Staircases:
- Cost: High-quality timber staircases can be expensive, both in terms of materials and labor. Custom designs and exotic woods can significantly increase the cost.
- Maintenance: While maintenance is generally straightforward, timber staircases require regular upkeep to prevent wear and tear, such as refinishing and sealing to protect against scratches and moisture.
- Susceptibility to Damage: Wood can be vulnerable to damage from moisture, termites, and impact. It can also expand or contract with changes in humidity, potentially affecting the staircase's stability and appearance.
- Safety Concerns: Wood can become slippery, particularly if it is not treated with a non-slip finish or if it gets wet. Proper handrails and balusters are essential to ensure safety.
- Environmental Impact: The environmental impact of timber staircases depends on the source of the wood. Sustainable practices and certified sources can mitigate some concerns, but it’s important to be mindful of deforestation and wood sourcing.
Closed-Riser Stairs with full Stringer
Open-RIser Stair
CONCRETE STAIRCASE
Advantages of Concrete Staircases:
- Durability and Strength: Concrete staircases are extremely strong and durable. They can withstand heavy loads and significant wear and tear, making them ideal for both residential and commercial applications.
- Low Maintenance: Once installed, concrete staircases generally require minimal maintenance. They are resistant to damage from insects, moisture, and weather, and don’t need regular refinishing like wood.
- Fire Resistance: Concrete is non-combustible and provides excellent fire resistance, enhancing the safety of the building.
- Design Flexibility: Concrete can be molded into various shapes and forms, allowing for a wide range of design possibilities, including straight, curved, or spiral staircases.
- Sound Insulation: Concrete provides good acoustic insulation, reducing noise transmission between floors.
- Longevity: Concrete staircases have a long lifespan when properly maintained, making them a good investment for the long term.
Disadvantages of Concrete Staircases:
- Cost: The initial cost of a concrete staircase can be high due to the expense of materials and the need for skilled labor. The cost is especially significant if the staircase requires complex forms or finishes.
- Construction Time: Concrete staircases can take longer to construct compared to other materials. The curing process of concrete requires time, which can extend the overall construction timeline.
- Weight: Concrete staircases are heavy and require a robust structural support system. This can add complexity to the building’s design and construction.
- Cold and Hard Feel: Concrete can feel cold and hard underfoot, which might not be as comfortable or inviting as other materials like wood or carpet.
- Aesthetic Limitations: While concrete can be finished in various ways, achieving a high level of aesthetic detail and warmth can be more challenging compared to timber. Exposed concrete can sometimes appear stark or industrial.
- Cracking: Over time, concrete can develop cracks due to settling, temperature changes, or other factors. Although these can often be repaired, they may affect the staircase’s appearance and integrity.
Formwork for Concrete Stairs
Precast Concrete StairsManufactured off-site and transported to site for installation
Cantilevered StairsThe absence of risers allows light to pass through the gaps illuminating the place below and forms a pattern. Cantilevered concrete stairs do not have a handrail and give a floating effect.
Precast Stairs with modulesThe precast concrete modules can be produced in one place and assembled on site. This is easier to transport to the site and is cost-effective.
Polished ConcreteThe glossy surface of the polished concrete appears like a sculpture rather than a staircase.
Extended StairsApart from using a staircase for vertical movement, it can also be extended to create a leisure space where one can sit and enjoy books while sipping coffee.
Multifunctional StairsThe hollow concrete boxes help in transferring load and act as a storage space. Using wood and hollow tubes reduce concrete usage and can allow light to enter the room from the window.
Suspended StairsSuspended staircases are attached only to floor slabs and lack railings. When placed in a courtyard, it looks like a fragile floating structure, a path leading to heaven.
STEEL STAIRCASE
Advantages of Steel Staircases:
- Strength and Durability: Steel staircases are highly durable and can support significant loads. They are resistant to damage from impact, fire, and weather conditions, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.
- Design Flexibility: Steel can be easily molded and shaped, allowing for a wide range of design options, including modern, sleek lines, and intricate details. It supports both functional and decorative elements.
- Low Maintenance: Steel requires minimal maintenance compared to materials like wood. It is resistant to pests, rot, and decay, and generally needs only occasional cleaning and inspections.
- Lightweight: Despite its strength, steel is relatively lightweight compared to other materials like concrete. This can simplify construction and reduce the load on the building’s structure.
- Fire Resistance: Steel has good fire resistance properties, and although it can weaken under high temperatures, it doesn’t burn or release toxic fumes, which contributes to safety.
- Recyclability: Steel is highly recyclable and can be reused at the end of its lifecycle, making it a more sustainable choice compared to some other materials.
Disadvantages of Steel Staircases:
- Cost: Steel staircases can be expensive due to the cost of materials and the need for skilled labor to fabricate and install them. Custom designs can further increase the cost.
- Corrosion: Steel is susceptible to corrosion if not properly coated or treated, especially in humid or coastal environments. Regular maintenance, such as painting or coating, is required to prevent rust.
- Cold and Hard Feel: Steel can feel cold and hard underfoot. Without proper design considerations, it might not offer the same comfort or warmth as materials like wood.
- Noise: Steel staircases can be noisier compared to other materials. Footsteps may produce more sound, which might require additional acoustic treatments or padding to mitigate.
- Aesthetic Limitations: While steel can be finished in various ways, it may not always achieve the same warmth and texture as natural materials like wood. The industrial look of steel might not suit all interior design styles.
- Thermal Conductivity: Steel conducts heat and cold more readily than some other materials, which could lead to temperature fluctuations on the stairs. Proper insulation or finishing can help manage this issue.
5.1.4 STAIRCASE DESIGN REQUIREMENT
5.1.4 STAIRCASE DESIGN REQUIREMENT
SPIRAL STAIRCASE
FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENT FOR STAIRCASE DESIGN (UBBL)
5.1.5 STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION DRAWING GUIDELINE
5.1.5 STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION DRAWING GUIDELINE
Stairs drawing indicating floor level, visible steps and hidden steps.
PLAN DRAWING Specification:
- Number of threads
- Upwards / Downwards (via arrow)
- Visible steps / Hidden steps indicating different floors
- Railing (End Railing at top floor)
- Column / Structural
- Section Cut Line
- Break Line (suggesting flow to different floor
- Turning radius on landing
SECTION DRAWING Specification:
- Cut Line area (hidden or visible flight)
- Railing height
- Material of staircase (Concrete / Steel / Timber)
- Connected Floors
- Beam or Column / Structural
5.1.6 STAIRCASE INNOVATION & DESIGN
5.1.6 STAIRCASE INNOVATION & DESIGN
The Arbor House,by Brown & Brown Aberdeen, Scotland
5.2 RAMP
5.2 RAMP
5.2.1 OVERVIEW OF RAMP
5.2.1 OVERVIEW OF RAMP
RAMP CONFIGURATION
STRAIGHT RUN
90° TURN
SWITCH BACK / 180 ° TURN
RAMP SLOPE RATIO
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD2-01.htm
5.2.2 TYPES OF RAMP
5.2.2 TYPES OF RAMP
PEDESTRIAN / WHEELCHAIR RAMP
FIXED RAMP
- Permanent structures often installed in public buildings and homes, made of concrete, metal, or wood. They provide a stable, long-term solution.
PORTABLE RAMP
- Designed for temporary use or to be moved as needed. Made from lightweight materials like aluminum or fiberglass.
THRESHOLD RAMP
- Short ramps used to bridge small height differences at doorways or thresholds, facilitating easier access.
MODULAR RAMP
- Adjustable Modular Ramps: Can be customized in length and width to fit various spaces. Often used in public buildings for accessibility compliance.
- Pre-Fabricated Modular Ramps: Sold in standard sizes and configurations, allowing for quicker installation compared to custom-built ramps.
CURB RAMP
- Standard Curb Ramps: Installed at street corners to help pedestrians and wheelchair users transition from sidewalks to roadways.
- Detectable Warning Curb Ramps: Include textured surfaces to alert visually impaired individuals to the presence of a ramp.
STAIR RAMP
- Combination of Stair and Ramp
- Designed to be used by both the abled and disabled person.
- Normally used in public area with high pedestrian traffic. Also considered an aesthetic feature to a place/park
VEHICLE RAMP
5.2.3 RAMP DESIGN REQUIREMENT
5.2.3 RAMP DESIGN REQUIREMENT
1. Slope and Incline
2. Width
3. Surface
4. Landings
5. Handrails
6. Structural Integrity
7. Safety Features
8. Accessibility and Compliance
9. Maintenance
10. Environmental Considerations
11. Ergonomics
- Wheelchair Ramps:
- Maximum Slope: Generally, the slope should not exceed 1:12 (1 unit of rise for every 12 units of run). For steep inclines, a slope of 1:16 or 1:20 may be preferable.
- Minimum Length: The ramp should be long enough to provide a gentle slope; for a 1:12 slope, a 1-foot rise requires a 12-foot ramp.
2. Width
- Minimum Width: Typically at least 91 cm to accommodate a wheelchair or mobility device, though 48 inches (122 cm) or more is often recommended for ease of use and safety.
- Clear Width: Should be unobstructed by obstacles, such as handrails or walls.
3. Surface
- Texture: The surface should be non-slip and provide traction to prevent accidents, particularly in wet conditions. Common materials include textured concrete, anti-slip coatings, or rubber.
- Drainage: Ensure the surface is designed to prevent water accumulation, which can cause slipping hazards.
4. Landings
- Top and Bottom Landings: Must be level and at least 152 cm long and 91 c) wide to allow for maneuvering at the beginning and end of the ramp.
- Intermediate Landings: Required for ramps longer than 9 meters or where a change of direction is necessary. These should be at least 152 cm by 152 cm.
5. Handrails
- Height: Typically between 86 cm and 97 cm from the ramp surface.
- Graspable: Handrails should be easy to grip and continuous along the ramp's length.
- Clearance: Should provide enough space for users to comfortably use the handrails, typically 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) from the wall or surface.
6. Structural Integrity
- Load Capacity: The ramp should support the maximum expected load, including wheelchairs, walkers, and other mobility aids, as well as any additional weight from people or equipment.
- Materials: Use durable materials suitable for the environment and expected use. Common materials include concrete, metal, and wood.
7. Safety Features
- Edge Protection: Install barriers or curbs to prevent users from accidentally falling off the sides of the ramp.
- Signage: Clear, visible signage should indicate the ramp's presence and provide information on its use, particularly if it’s not immediately obvious.
8. Accessibility and Compliance
- Building Codes: The ramp design must comply with local building codes and accessibility standards.
- Turnaround Space: Ensure adequate space for users to turn around, especially at the top and bottom of the ramp.
9. Maintenance
- Cleaning and Repairs: The ramp should be designed for easy maintenance. Smooth, easily cleaned surfaces and durable materials can help reduce long-term upkeep.
10. Environmental Considerations
- Weather Resistance: Design the ramp to withstand local weather conditions, including rain, snow, or extreme temperatures.
- Sustainability: Use eco-friendly materials and construction practices where possible.
11. Ergonomics
- User Comfort: Ensure the ramp provides a comfortable and safe experience for all users, including those with mobility impairments.
5.2.4 RAMP DESIGN
5.2.4 RAMP DESIGN
5.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR
5.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR
5.3.1 TYPES OF LIFT / ELEVATOR
5.3.1 TYPES OF LIFT / ELEVATOR
Hydraulic Lifts:
- Mechanism: Use a hydraulic piston to lift the cab. Machine room located at the lowest level, adjacent to the lift shaft. Used for 1-3 stories building to lower initial cost
- Advantages: Smooth and quiet operation; ideal for low-rise buildings. During fire, it is easier to access the machine room on the lower floor to lower the valve. During earthquake, little to do damage to hydraulic drive and no threat from counterweight
- Disadvantages: Limited to lower-rise applications due to height constraints and potential for fluid leaks.
Geared Traction Lifts:
- Mechanism: Use a system of ropes and pulleys driven by an electric motor to lift the cab. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Uses a gearbox to drive the pulley Used for 4-11 stories building
- Advantages: Efficient and suitable for high-rise buildings. Higher travel speed that hydraulic elevators
- Disadvantages: Requires a machine room, though newer designs can be machine-room-less (MRL). During fire, difficult to access Machine Room at highest level due to smoke, heat and & elevation. During earthquake, damage may occur at upper floor and there is threat from the fall of the counterweight.
Gearless Traction Lifts:
- Mechanism: Use a system of ropes and pulleys driven by an electric motor to lift the cab. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient The motor is directly connected to the pulley, offering smoother and quieter operation. Used for 12+ stories building due to higher speed
- Advantages: Efficient and suitable for high-rise buildings. Higher travel speed that than Geared Traction Lift.
- Disadvantages: similar as Geared Traction lift.
Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Lifts:
- Mechanism: A type of traction lift where the machine is located within the hoistway or in a smaller space adjacent to it.
- Advantages: Space-saving and potentially more energy-efficient.
- Disadvantages: May have limitations on capacity and speed compared to traditional traction lifts.
Pneumatic (Vaccum) Lifts:
- Mechanism: Operate using compressed air to lift and lower the cab.
- Advantages: Can be installed in residential settings; space-efficient due to their compact design because excavating a pit and hoist way are not required
- Disadvantages: Limited to low-rise applications and may have higher operational costs due to energy use.
Dumbwaiters:
- Mechanism: Small, compact lifts used for transporting items between floors, usually in restaurants, libraries, or homes.
- Advantages: Convenient for small items and reduces manual carrying.
- Disadvantages: Limited to small loads and smaller dimensions.
Inclined Lifts:
- Mechanism: Move along an inclined plane, often used for transporting people or goods up slopes.
- Advantages: Useful in areas with steep inclines or where vertical space is limited.
- Disadvantages: Typically not suitable for high-rise applications and may have slower speeds.
Hoist Lift/Elevator:
- Mechanism: Operated by pulley(s) system attached to a mast tower to raise the hoist car upwards
- Advantages: For industrial use and can be easily assembled and dismantled without disrupting the structure of the building. Can carry heavy load of goods and passengers.
- Disadvantages: Safety is entirely dependent on the strength of the mast tower and its connectors, as it is not encased within the building structure
Wheelchair Stair Lift:
- Mechanism: Electrical lift installed on an incline for movement between one to two levels only.
- Advantages: Allow vertical movement for wheelchair user although it requires assistance for operation.
- Disadvantages: Will use up the space within the existing staircase, hence making it's width lesser for normal use. Not suitable for winding staircase. Can only go between 2 floors maximum.
5.3.2 LIFT / ELEVATOR DESIGN REQUIREMENT
5.3.2 LIFT / ELEVATOR DESIGN REQUIREMENT
1. Load Capacity
2. Dimensions
- Passenger Lifts: Typically designed to accommodate specific numbers of passengers and their weight. Standard capacities range from about 450 kg to 2,500 kg or more.
- Goods Lifts: Must be designed to handle heavy loads, with capacities often ranging from a few hundred kilograms to several tons.
2. Dimensions
- Cab Size: Should be adequate for the intended number of passengers or type of goods. Ensure compliance with accessibility standards.
- Door Width and Height: Must be sufficient for easy entry and exit, especially for people with disabilities or for transporting large items.
Size for Elevator Shaft & Car
Elevator Car Type (Opening)
Elevator Door Types
3. Travel Height and Speed
4. Safety Features
5. Accessibility
6. Controls and Operation
7. Energy Efficiency
8. Mechanical and Structural Considerations
9. Noise and Vibration
10. Aesthetic Integration
11. Maintenance and Service
12. Regulatory Compliance
- Travel Height: Determines the type of lift mechanism used (e.g., hydraulic for low-rise, traction for high-rise).
- Speed: Must match the building’s height and the anticipated traffic. High-speed lifts are generally required for tall buildings.
4. Safety Features
- Emergency Systems: Include backup power, emergency communication systems (e.g., intercom), and safety brakes.
- Fire Safety: Design should comply with fire safety regulations, including smoke detection and fire-resistant materials.
- Load Sensors: To prevent overload and ensure safe operation.
5. Accessibility
- Universal Design Standards: In the U.S., lifts must meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards, including features like tactile buttons and audible signals.
- Braille and Audio: For visually impaired users.
6. Controls and Operation
- User Interface: Must be intuitive, including buttons, touchscreens, or other control methods. Consider ease of use for people of all ages and abilities.
- Automatic Doors: Should be reliable and safe, with features to prevent closing on passengers or objects.
7. Energy Efficiency
- Energy Consumption: Use energy-efficient motors and lighting. Regenerative drives and LED lighting can reduce energy use.
- Standby Mode: Incorporate energy-saving features when the lift is not in use.
8. Mechanical and Structural Considerations
- Hoistway Dimensions: Must be large enough to accommodate the lift system, including the cab, counterweights, and other components.
- Machine Room: For traditional lifts, design considerations include space for the machine and associated equipment. Machine-room-less (MRL) lifts eliminate this requirement.
9. Noise and Vibration
- Minimize Noise: Implement noise-reducing technologies and materials to ensure quiet operation.
- Vibration Control: Design to minimize vibration that could affect building occupants or the lift itself.
10. Aesthetic Integration
- Design Harmony: Ensure that the lift design complements the building’s architecture and interior design.
- Custom Finishes: Options for interior finishes, lighting, and other aesthetic elements.
11. Maintenance and Service
- Ease of Maintenance: Design should allow for easy access to components for routine maintenance and repairs.
- Regular Inspections: Ensure compliance with local regulations regarding inspection and maintenance schedules.
12. Regulatory Compliance
- Local Codes and Standards: Must adhere to national and local regulations - UBBL
5.3.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR INNOVATION
5.3.3 LIFT / ELEVATOR INNOVATION
CABLE TECHNOLOGY
With current technology, a single elevator can travel approximately 500m before the weight of the rope becomes unsupportable. UltraRope, a recently unveiled technology by Finnish elevator manufacturer KONE, may change the heights of our cities. A new hoisting technology that will enable elevators to travel up to one kilometer, UltraRope doubles the distance that is currently possible. https://www.archdaily.com/534261/how-new-elevator-technology-will-allow-our-cities-to-grow-even-taller
With current technology, a single elevator can travel approximately 500m before the weight of the rope becomes unsupportable. UltraRope, a recently unveiled technology by Finnish elevator manufacturer KONE, may change the heights of our cities. A new hoisting technology that will enable elevators to travel up to one kilometer, UltraRope doubles the distance that is currently possible. https://www.archdaily.com/534261/how-new-elevator-technology-will-allow-our-cities-to-grow-even-taller
INCREASING PASSENGER CAPACITY
To increase elevator capacity, German company ThyssenKrupp has developed their TWIN technology, which stacks 2 elevators within the same shaft (with an extra stop below the lowest level and above the highest floors, so one cabin can park at this spot to give access to the desired floor to his twin cabin) https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/products-and-service/twin/
To increase elevator capacity, German company ThyssenKrupp has developed their TWIN technology, which stacks 2 elevators within the same shaft (with an extra stop below the lowest level and above the highest floors, so one cabin can park at this spot to give access to the desired floor to his twin cabin) https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/products-and-service/twin/
MULTI-DIRECTION MOVEMENT
ThyssenKrupp is working on MULTI, an elevator system that uses Magnetic Levitation to eliminates the need for a cable, allowing elevators to travel independently, both vertically and horizontally through shaft loops within a building. https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/products-and-service/multi/
ThyssenKrupp is working on MULTI, an elevator system that uses Magnetic Levitation to eliminates the need for a cable, allowing elevators to travel independently, both vertically and horizontally through shaft loops within a building. https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/products-and-service/multi/
ELEVATOR MAINTENANCE
ThyssenKrupp, in collaboration with Microsoft, have launched a system known as MAX that provides real time feedback from elevators to service technicians, allowing the technicians to know which parts will need to be repaired or replaced before they break down, reducing the out-of-service time that currently slows down many elevator systems. https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/newsroom/press-releases/thyssenkrupp-elevator-introduces-max-digital-service-packages-for-improved-building-management-and-maximum-elevator-uptime-102400.html
ThyssenKrupp, in collaboration with Microsoft, have launched a system known as MAX that provides real time feedback from elevators to service technicians, allowing the technicians to know which parts will need to be repaired or replaced before they break down, reducing the out-of-service time that currently slows down many elevator systems. https://www.tkelevator.com/global-en/newsroom/press-releases/thyssenkrupp-elevator-introduces-max-digital-service-packages-for-improved-building-management-and-maximum-elevator-uptime-102400.html
MOBILITY EFFICIENCY
Schindler Transit Management Group has released an app called myPORT that increases the interactivity between building and person. Users can set their destination and travel preferences, so an elevator will automatically be called to arrive precisely when you do. And since the elevator will only be called for people granted access, the building will enjoy increased security. https://www.schindler.com/en/elevators/destination-control/myport.html
Schindler Transit Management Group has released an app called myPORT that increases the interactivity between building and person. Users can set their destination and travel preferences, so an elevator will automatically be called to arrive precisely when you do. And since the elevator will only be called for people granted access, the building will enjoy increased security. https://www.schindler.com/en/elevators/destination-control/myport.html
IMPOSSIBLE REACH
Thoth Technology, a Canadian company, patented a design for an inflatable space elevator that would rise 20 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It would have a free-standing tower made from Kevlar-polyethylene tubes held in place with helium. Cars could transport cargo and people from the Earth to a platform at the summit. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/space-elevator-with-inflatable-tower-patented-by-thoth-technology-1.3194738
Thoth Technology, a Canadian company, patented a design for an inflatable space elevator that would rise 20 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It would have a free-standing tower made from Kevlar-polyethylene tubes held in place with helium. Cars could transport cargo and people from the Earth to a platform at the summit. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/space-elevator-with-inflatable-tower-patented-by-thoth-technology-1.3194738
5.4 ESCALATOR
5.4 ESCALATOR
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building.
Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.30–0.61 m) per second. The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
Components of an Escalator
5.4.1 TYPES OF ESCALATOR
5.4.1 TYPES OF ESCALATOR
Standard Escalators
- Description: The most common type, designed for moving people between different levels in places like shopping malls, airports, and train stations.
- Features: Continuous movement with steps that rise or descend in a loop. Usually equipped with handrails for safety.
Moving Walkways (Travelators)
- Description: Designed to transport people horizontally or on a slight incline, typically used in airports or large commercial spaces.
- Features: Can be either flat or slightly inclined to help passengers move quickly across long distances.
5.4.2 ESCALATOR DESIGN REQUIREMENT
5.4.2 ESCALATOR DESIGN REQUIREMENT
1. Safety Features
2. Performance
3. User Comfort
4. Accessibility
5. Maintenance
6. Aesthetics and Integration
7. Compliance
8. Energy Efficiency
9. Emergency Procedures
10. Environmental Considerations
11. User Flow Management
- Guardrails: To prevent users from falling or getting caught.
- Emergency Stop Buttons: Located at the top and bottom for quick stopping in emergencies.
- Safety Brushes: Along the sides to catch loose clothing or objects.
- Handrails: To provide support and stability to users.
- Smooth Transitions: At the top and bottom to minimize tripping hazards.
- Anti-Slip Steps: To prevent slipping, especially when wet.
2. Performance
- Load Capacity: Design should accommodate expected maximum load, usually specified in terms of persons per minute or total weight.
- Speed: Typical speeds range from 0.5 to 0.75 meters per second, though this can vary based on usage.
- Duty Cycle: Ability to handle continuous operation, usually for 24/7 service in high-traffic areas.
3. User Comfort
- Step Dimensions: Steps should be uniformly sized for comfort and stability.
- Incline Angle: Generally between 30° and 35°, balancing space efficiency with ease of use.
- Noise Level: Design should minimize noise to avoid disturbing users.
4. Accessibility
- Height Adjustments: Ensure that the escalator can be installed with considerations for the space and building design.
- Visual and Audible Indicators: Provide clear signals for blind or visually impaired users.
5. Maintenance
- Ease of Access: Components should be designed for easy maintenance and inspection.
- Durability: Materials should withstand frequent use and require minimal repairs.
6. Aesthetics and Integration
- Design: Should match the surrounding architecture and interior design.
- Lighting: Adequate lighting to ensure visibility and safety.
7. Compliance
- Regulations and Standards: Must adhere to local, national, and international safety standards and regulations.
8. Energy Efficiency
- Power Consumption: Design should optimize energy use, incorporating regenerative drives if possible.
9. Emergency Procedures
- Evacuation Plans: Consider how to manage passenger movement in emergencies, including signage and alternative routes.
10. Environmental Considerations
- Sustainability: Use materials and technologies that reduce environmental impact and consider end-of-life disposal or recycling options.
11. User Flow Management
- Capacity Management: Design to handle peak times efficiently, possibly incorporating features like variable speed controls.
Width dimension for Standard Escalator
Width dimension for Standard Escalator
5.4.3 ESCALATOR INNOVATION
5.4.3 ESCALATOR INNOVATION
SPIRAL ESCALATOR
The Shanghai New World Daimaru Store in Shanghai, China has the largest spiral escalator in the world, developed by Mitsubishi Electric. The system is located in the shopping mall’s main atrium and extends up six stories. It consists of 12 escalators arranged in a helix.https://www.mebs.com/resources/projects/009/index.html
The Shanghai New World Daimaru Store in Shanghai, China has the largest spiral escalator in the world, developed by Mitsubishi Electric. The system is located in the shopping mall’s main atrium and extends up six stories. It consists of 12 escalators arranged in a helix.https://www.mebs.com/resources/projects/009/index.html
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