TOPIC 7
FACADE DESIGN
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TOPIC CONTENT: FACADE DESIGN
7.1 CLADDING 7.1.1 Cladding Overview 7.1.2 Brick Cladding 7.1.3 Stone Cladding 7.1.4 Metal Cladding 7.1.5 Wood Cladding 7.1.6 Vinyl Siding 7.1.7 Glass Cladding 7.1.8 Concrete Cladding 7.1.9 Fiber Cement Cladding 7.1.10 Aluminium Composite Cladding7.2 GLAZING 7.2.1 Glazing Overview 7.2.2 Glazing Combination 7.2.3 Types of Glass Glazing7.3 STRUCTURAL GLAZING & CURTAIN WALL 7.3.1 Overview 7.3.2 Structural Glazing 7.3.3 Curtain Wall
7.1 CLADDING 7.1.1 Cladding Overview 7.1.2 Brick Cladding 7.1.3 Stone Cladding 7.1.4 Metal Cladding 7.1.5 Wood Cladding 7.1.6 Vinyl Siding 7.1.7 Glass Cladding 7.1.8 Concrete Cladding 7.1.9 Fiber Cement Cladding 7.1.10 Aluminium Composite Cladding7.2 GLAZING 7.2.1 Glazing Overview 7.2.2 Glazing Combination 7.2.3 Types of Glass Glazing7.3 STRUCTURAL GLAZING & CURTAIN WALL 7.3.1 Overview 7.3.2 Structural Glazing 7.3.3 Curtain Wall
7.1 CLADDING
7.1 CLADDING
7.1.1 CLADDING OVERVIEW
7.1.1 CLADDING OVERVIEW
DEFINITION:Cladding is an exterior finishing system applied to the outer walls of a building.
FUNCTIONS:
- PROTECTION: barrier against weather elements like rain, wind, and UV radiation. It helps to shield the underlying structure from damage due to moisture, temperature fluctuations, and other external forces.
- INSULATION: Certain cladding materials contribute to thermal insulation, helping to regulate indoor temperatures by reducing heat loss in winter and keeping the interior cooler in summer. This can improve a building's overall energy efficiency and reduce heating and cooling costs.
- AESTHETICS: Cladding can significantly impact a building's visual appearance. It allows for a wide range of design options, including various colors, textures, and styles, enabling architects and builders to achieve the desired look.
TYPE 1NON-VENTILATED CLADDINGAlso known as direct-applied tile cladding, non-ventilated cladding involves affixing tiles directly onto the building’s structural wall, without an air gap. This system is simpler and more straightforward in its installation. Typically, it is less expensive to install due to the reduced complexity and fewer materials required than ventilated cladding, and the process is more straightforward, leading to quicker construction times and lower labour costs. Without the need for an air gap, non-ventilated cladding requires less space, which can be beneficial for buildings with limited external space. Direct application can add an additional layer of structural strength to the building’s external wall.
TYPE 2VENTILATED CLADDINGThis system involves the installation of a secondary facade with an air gap between the tile layer and the building’s structural wall. It creates a continuous flow of air through the gap, which can improve the building’s overall performance with regards to thermal insulation, moisture control, improved indoor climate, enhanced durability and aesthetic flexibility.
The air gap acts as an insulator, which is reducing heat transfer between the building and the external environment, improving energy efficiency. By regulating the temperature and humidity levels, ventilated cladding contributes to a more comfortable indoor environment. It also allows moisture to escape, preventing condensation and potential water damage to the building’s structure. The external tile layer protects the building from weather elements, reducing the wear and tear on the primary structural wall, whilst enhancing the building’s aesthetic appeal.
The air gap acts as an insulator, which is reducing heat transfer between the building and the external environment, improving energy efficiency. By regulating the temperature and humidity levels, ventilated cladding contributes to a more comfortable indoor environment. It also allows moisture to escape, preventing condensation and potential water damage to the building’s structure. The external tile layer protects the building from weather elements, reducing the wear and tear on the primary structural wall, whilst enhancing the building’s aesthetic appeal.
TYPE 3RAINSCREEN CLADDING (Ventilated)a type of building facade system designed to protect a building from weather elements while enhancing its overall performance. It is characterized by its ability to manage moisture and improve insulation through a specific design that includes a ventilated cavity Key Features: Double-Skin Construction:
- Outer Cladding Layer: The outermost layer of the facade, which is visible and exposed to the elements. It is designed to be weather-resistant and can be made from various materials like metal, wood, stone, or composite panels.
- Air Gap: Behind the outer cladding is an air gap or cavity that separates the cladding from the underlying wall. This gap is crucial for allowing air to circulate and manage moisture.
- Moisture Management: The air gap in a rainscreen system helps to prevent moisture that penetrates the outer cladding from reaching the building’s main structural wall. This helps to reduce the risk of mold, rot, and structural damage.
- Airflow: The ventilated cavity allows air to flow between the cladding and the wall. This airflow helps to dry out any moisture that might get behind the cladding and improves overall thermal performance.
- Draining Water: Rainscreen cladding is designed to direct rainwater away from the building’s wall. The outer cladding layer channels rainwater downwards and away from the building, often incorporating drainage systems to manage any water that might infiltrate.
- Thermal Performance: The air gap and the materials used in the rainscreen system can contribute to better thermal insulation. This can lead to increased energy efficiency by reducing heat loss and improving the building’s overall energy performance.
7.1.2 BRICK CLADDING
7.1.2 BRICK CLADDING
BRICK CLADDING
Description: Uses traditional fired clay bricks, either as a full brick façade or thin brick veneers.
Advantages: Durable, low maintenance, good insulation, a classic aesthetic, excellent thermal mass, fire-resistance, low maintenance
Applications: Often used in both residential and commercial buildings for its timeless look and durability.
Description: Uses traditional fired clay bricks, either as a full brick façade or thin brick veneers.
Advantages: Durable, low maintenance, good insulation, a classic aesthetic, excellent thermal mass, fire-resistance, low maintenance
Applications: Often used in both residential and commercial buildings for its timeless look and durability.
7.1.3 STONE CLADDING
7.1.3 STONE CLADDING
STONE CLADDING
Description: Natural stone such as granite, limestone, marble, or slate, or manufactured stone products that mimic the look of natural stone. Material: sedimentary rocks such as limestone and sandstone, metamorphic rocks such as slate and marble and lastly, igneous rocks such as granite.
Advantages: High durability, excellent insulation, and a natural, elegant appearance.
Applications: Suitable for both traditional and modern designs, often used in high-end residential and commercial projects.
Description: Natural stone such as granite, limestone, marble, or slate, or manufactured stone products that mimic the look of natural stone. Material: sedimentary rocks such as limestone and sandstone, metamorphic rocks such as slate and marble and lastly, igneous rocks such as granite.
Advantages: High durability, excellent insulation, and a natural, elegant appearance.
Applications: Suitable for both traditional and modern designs, often used in high-end residential and commercial projects.
7.1.4 METAL CLADDING
7.1.4 METAL CLADDING
METAL CLADDING
Description: Made from metals such as aluminum, steel, copper, or zinc. Can be finished in various ways including powder coating, anodizing, or patination.
Advantages: Lightweight, highly durable, fire-resistant, and can be formed into various shapes and finishes.
Applications: Common in contemporary architecture, used in both residential and commercial buildings for its modern look and functional properties.
Description: Made from metals such as aluminum, steel, copper, or zinc. Can be finished in various ways including powder coating, anodizing, or patination.
Advantages: Lightweight, highly durable, fire-resistant, and can be formed into various shapes and finishes.
Applications: Common in contemporary architecture, used in both residential and commercial buildings for its modern look and functional properties.
MANCHESTER JEWISH MUSEUMby Citizens Design Bureau Manchester, United KingdomType: Perforated Corten Steel Cladding
GIVENCHY FLAGSHIP STOREby Piuarch, Haeahn Architecture Seoul, South KoreaType: Tactile Stainless Steel Cladding
7.1.5 TIMBER CLADDING
7.1.5 TIMBER CLADDING
TIMBER CLADDING
Description: Uses natural wood or engineered wood products such as wood siding or panels.
Advantages: Provides a warm, natural appearance, can be treated for weather resistance, and is often sustainable.
Applications: Often used in residential buildings and can give a rustic or modern look depending on the wood type and treatment.
Description: Uses natural wood or engineered wood products such as wood siding or panels.
Advantages: Provides a warm, natural appearance, can be treated for weather resistance, and is often sustainable.
Applications: Often used in residential buildings and can give a rustic or modern look depending on the wood type and treatment.
Timber Cladding Profile
7.1.6 VINYL SIDING
7.1.6 VINYL SIDING
VINYL SIDING
Description: Made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), it is designed to mimic wood or other materials.
Advantages: Cost-effective, low maintenance, resistant to rot and insects, and available in a range of colors and styles.
Applications: Common in residential homes, particularly in areas with harsh weather conditions.___________________________________________________________________________________
SIDING
CLADDING
Description: Made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), it is designed to mimic wood or other materials.
Advantages: Cost-effective, low maintenance, resistant to rot and insects, and available in a range of colors and styles.
Applications: Common in residential homes, particularly in areas with harsh weather conditions.___________________________________________________________________________________
SIDING
- horizontal boards or panels.
- wood, vinyl, and fiber cement.
- installed by nailing or screwing the boards directly onto the wall of the building.
CLADDING
- vertical or horizontal boards that overlap each other.
- metal, stone, and wood.
- installed by attaching the panels to a metal framework that is attached to the building’s exterior wall.
7.1.7 GLASS CLADDING
7.1.7 GLASS CLADDING
GLASS CLADDING
Description: Uses glass panels or glazing systems for a sleek, modern look.
Advantages: Provides a high degree of natural light, can enhance energy efficiency with double or triple glazing, and offers a contemporary aesthetic.
Disadvantages: Glass cladding can be expensive both in terms of material and installation and requires regular cleaning to maintain its appearance. If not properly designed, glass cladding can lead to excessive heat gain or loss, impacting a building's energy efficiency.
Applications: Common in commercial buildings and modern residential designs, often used for facades, curtain walls, and skylights.
Description: Uses glass panels or glazing systems for a sleek, modern look.
Advantages: Provides a high degree of natural light, can enhance energy efficiency with double or triple glazing, and offers a contemporary aesthetic.
Disadvantages: Glass cladding can be expensive both in terms of material and installation and requires regular cleaning to maintain its appearance. If not properly designed, glass cladding can lead to excessive heat gain or loss, impacting a building's energy efficiency.
Applications: Common in commercial buildings and modern residential designs, often used for facades, curtain walls, and skylights.
7.1.8 PRE-CAST CONCRETE CLADDING
7.1.8 PRE-CAST CONCRETE CLADDING
PRE-CAST CONCRETE CLADDING
Description: Includes precast concrete panels or concrete applied as a surface treatment.
Advantages: Highly durable, fire-resistant, and can be molded into various shapes and finishes.
Applications: Suitable for both residential and commercial buildings, often used in modern architecture for its robustness and versatility.
Description: Includes precast concrete panels or concrete applied as a surface treatment.
Advantages: Highly durable, fire-resistant, and can be molded into various shapes and finishes.
Applications: Suitable for both residential and commercial buildings, often used in modern architecture for its robustness and versatility.
7.1.9 FIBER CEMENT CLADDING
7.1.9 FIBER CEMENT CLADDING
FIBER CEMENT CLADDING
Description: Made from a mixture of cement, cellulose fibers, and sand. Available in sheets or planks.
Advantages: Resistant to fire, moisture, and pests, and can be finished to mimic other materials.
Applications: Used in both residential and commercial projects, offering a balance of durability and aesthetic flexibility.
Description: Made from a mixture of cement, cellulose fibers, and sand. Available in sheets or planks.
Advantages: Resistant to fire, moisture, and pests, and can be finished to mimic other materials.
Applications: Used in both residential and commercial projects, offering a balance of durability and aesthetic flexibility.
7.1.10 ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE CLADDING
7.1.10 ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE CLADDING
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE CLADDING
Description: Building material composed of two thin layers of aluminum enclosing a non-aluminum core, typically made of a fire-resistant mineral-filled core or a polyethylene core
Advantages: Weather resistance, low maintenance, aesthetic versatility, easy installation & low maintenance
Applications: Used in residential and commercial projects and also renovation of facade, offering a balance of sleek aesthetics & durability
Description: Building material composed of two thin layers of aluminum enclosing a non-aluminum core, typically made of a fire-resistant mineral-filled core or a polyethylene core
Advantages: Weather resistance, low maintenance, aesthetic versatility, easy installation & low maintenance
Applications: Used in residential and commercial projects and also renovation of facade, offering a balance of sleek aesthetics & durability
7.2 GLAZING
7.2 GLAZING
7.2.1 GLAZING OVERVIEW
7.2.1 GLAZING OVERVIEW
DEFINITION: Building glazing refers to the use of glass in the construction of buildings, specifically for windows, facades, skylights, and other transparent or translucent surfaces. It plays a crucial role in a building's design, impacting its aesthetics, energy efficiency, and functionality
BENEFITS:
- NATURAL LIGHT: Maximizes daylight within the building, reducing the need for artificial lighting and improving occupant well-being.
- VIEWS: Provides clear, unobstructed views of the surrounding environment, enhancing the building's connection with its surroundings.
- ENERGY EFFICIENCY: Advanced glazing technologies can improve insulation, reduce heat loss or gain, and contribute to overall energy savings.
- AESTHETICS: Enhances the architectural appearance of buildings, allowing for modern, sleek designs and a variety of finishes and treatments.
7.2.2 GLAZING COMBINATION
7.2.2 GLAZING COMBINATION
SINGLE GLAZING Description: Involves a single layer of glass.Advantages: Simple and cost-effective.Disadvantages: Poor insulation compared to other types, less energy efficient, and provides limited sound insulation.
DOUBLE GLAZING Description: Consists of two layers of glass separated by a sealed air space.Advantages: Provides better thermal insulation, reducing heat loss and improving energy efficiency. It also offers better sound insulation.Disadvantages: More expensive than single glazing but offers significant improvements in performance.
TRIPLE GLAZING Description: Includes three layers of glass with two air gaps.Advantages: Offers superior thermal insulation and noise reduction compared to double glazing. It is particularly useful in extremely cold climates.Disadvantages: Higher cost and weight compared to double glazing.
7.2.3 TYPES OF GLASS GLAZING
7.2.3 TYPES OF GLASS GLAZING
LOW-E GLASS (Low Emmisive)Description: Features a special coating (metalic oxide) that reflects infrared light while allowing visible light to pass through.Advantages: Improves energy efficiency by reducing heat loss or gain, enhancing comfort, and potentially lowering energy bills.Applications: Used in both residential and commercial buildings to improve thermal performance.
TEMPERED GLASSDescription: Glass that has been heat-treated to increase its strength.Advantages: More resistant to impact and thermal stress. When broken, it shatters into small, blunt pieces rather than sharp shards.Applications: Commonly used in doors, facades, and areas requiring extra safety.
LAMINATED GLASSDescription: Consists of two or more layers of glass with an interlayer (often plastic) between them.Advantages: Provides added safety and sound insulation. It remains intact when shattered, reducing the risk of injury and enhancing security.Applications: Used in high-impact areas, such as skylights, facades, and safety glass in buildings.
SMART GLASSDescription: Glass that changes its properties (e.g., opacity or color) in response to electrical stimuli.Advantages: Allows for control of light and heat entering a building, enhancing comfort and energy efficiency. It can also provide privacy on demand.Applications: Used in modern buildings for dynamic shading and energy management.
7.3 STRUCTURAL GLAZING & CURTAIN WALL
7.3 STRUCTURAL GLAZING & CURTAIN WALL
7.3.1 OVERVIEW
7.3.1 OVERVIEW
STRUCTURAL GLAZING
CURTAIN WALL
7.3.2 STRUCTURAL GLAZING
7.3.2 STRUCTURAL GLAZING
STRUCTURAL SILICONE GLAZING (SSG)
- Description: Uses silicone-based adhesives to bond glass panels to the building’s structural frame.
- Features:
- Adhesive Bonding: The glass is adhered to the frame with silicone sealants that act as both an adhesive and a weatherproofing element.
- Aesthetics: Provides a clean, uninterrupted glass surface with minimal visible framing.
- Applications: Commonly used in curtain wall systems and high-rise buildings.
- Advantages: Offers a sleek appearance and can accommodate large glass panels with minimal structural framing.
POINT-FIXED GLAZING
- Description: Involves attaching glass panels to the building's structure using discrete metal fittings or "point fixings" at specific points on the glass.
- Features:
- Attachment Points: Glass is held in place by metal brackets or clamps, which are fixed to the building's structure.
- Aesthetics: Allows for a minimalist design with the majority of the glass surface being unobstructed by visible supports.
- Applications: Often used in high-visibility areas like entrances, facades, and glass bridges.
- Advantages: Provides a modern look and allows for large glass panels with minimal framing.
FRAMELESS GLAZING
- Description: Uses glass panels with minimal or no visible frame elements.
- Features:
- Support System: Glass is supported by concealed or minimally visible supports, often using special mounting systems or structural silicone.
- Aesthetics: Emphasizes the transparency and continuity of the glass, creating a seamless appearance.
- Applications: Suitable for high-end residential projects, atriums, and modern commercial buildings.
- Advantages: Creates a very clean and modern look with an emphasis on transparency and openness.
GLASS FIN GLAZING
- Description: Uses vertical glass fins to provide structural support and act as a load-bearing element for the glass facade.
- Features:
- Support: Glass panels are supported by vertical glass fins, which are themselves bonded to the building's structure.
- Aesthetics: Provides a visually interesting and modern appearance with the structural fins often visible as design elements.
- Applications: Common in high-rise buildings and modern architectural designs.
- Advantages: Allows for large, uninterrupted glass surfaces and can create striking visual effects with the glass fins.
BACK-GLASS FRAMING
- Description: Involves using structural framing elements behind the glass, which are not visible from the exterior.
- Features:
- Support: The building’s structural frame or supporting system is located behind the glass panels, hidden from view.
- Aesthetics: Offers a clean and unobstructed glass facade with hidden support structures.
- Applications: Used in curtain walls and large glass facades where visual continuity is desired.
- Advantages: Provides a modern and clean aesthetic while still allowing for substantial structural support.
UNITIZED GLAZING SYSTEM
- Description: Pre-fabricated glass panels and framing units are assembled off-site and then installed as complete units on-site.
- Features:
- Prefabrication: Glass panels are assembled with their framing in a factory setting and transported to the construction site.
- Aesthetics: Offers a consistent and streamlined appearance with minimal on-site construction time.
- Applications: Common in high-rise buildings and large commercial projects.
- Advantages: Reduces on-site labor and construction time while maintaining high quality and consistency.
DENVER ART MUSEUMby Machado Silvetti + Fentress Architects Colorado, USAType: Glass Fin Glazing (Scallop Glass)
LA SAMARITAINEby SANAA + LAGNEAU Architectes + Francois Brugel Architectes Associes + SRA ArchitectesParis, FranceType: Frameless Glazing (Curved Glass)
7.3.3 CURTAIN WALL
7.3.3 CURTAIN WALL
Main elements of Curtain Wall
Basic Jointing for Curtain Wall to Slab
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Non-Load-Bearing: Curtain walls do not bear the weight of the building's structure. Instead, they are attached to the building's structural framework and transfer loads from the wall itself (like wind or seismic forces) to the building's main structure.
- Material: Curtain walls are often made from materials like glass, aluminum, or a combination of both. However, they can also include other materials like stone, metal panels, or high-performance composites.
- Design Flexibility: They allow for large spans of glass or other materials, which can enhance natural light and provide panoramic views. The design can be highly customizable, which is beneficial for modern architectural aesthetics.
- Energy Efficiency: Modern curtain walls can be designed with energy-efficient features, such as double or triple glazing, low-emissivity coatings, and insulating spacers, which help to reduce heat loss and gain.
- Weather Resistance: Curtain walls are designed to be weather-resistant, providing protection against rain, wind, and temperature fluctuations. They are typically sealed to prevent water infiltration.
- Installation: They are usually prefabricated and then assembled on-site, which can speed up construction and reduce costs. The installation involves attaching the curtain wall system to the building's structure via a framework
- Aesthetics: Provides a sleek, modern look and allows for large areas of glass, which can enhance the building’s appearance.
- Light and Views: Maximizes natural light and offers unobstructed views, improving the interior environment.
- Flexibility: Allows for various design possibilities and can be adapted to different building shapes and sizes
TYPES OF CURTAIN WALL
1. STICK SYSTEM
- Description: In this system, the curtain wall is assembled on-site using vertical and horizontal components (mullions and transoms) that are installed piece by piece. The glass panels or infill materials are then inserted into these framing members.
- Advantages: Flexibility in design, easy to handle on-site, and suitable for complex geometries.
- Disadvantages: Longer installation time compared to unitized systems.
2. UNITIZED SYSTEM
- Description: This system involves pre-assembled panels or units that are manufactured in a factory and then transported to the construction site for installation. Each unit typically includes the framing, glazing, and any necessary insulation.
- Advantages: Faster installation, high quality control, and reduced on-site labor.
- Disadvantages: Higher transportation and handling costs, less flexibility for on-site adjustments.
3. SEMI-UNITIZED SYSTEM
- Description: A hybrid approach where large panels or units are pre-assembled in a factory, but some components, such as the glass, are installed on-site. This system combines aspects of both stick and unitized systems.
- Advantages: Balances manufacturing quality control with on-site flexibility.
- Disadvantages: Can be more complex to coordinate and install compared to fully unitized systems.
4. STRUCTURAL GLAZING
- Description: In this system, the glass panels are bonded directly to the structural frame using a structural adhesive, creating a seamless appearance with minimal visible framing elements.
- Advantages: Sleek, modern appearance with minimal visible supports, excellent for aesthetic designs.
- Disadvantages: Requires precise installation and quality control; the structural adhesive must be maintained properly.
5. DOUBLE SKIN SYSTEM
- Description: This system features two layers of facade with an air space in between. The space can be ventilated or used as a buffer to improve energy efficiency and acoustic performance.
- Advantages: Enhanced thermal insulation, soundproofing, and reduced energy consumption.
- Disadvantages: Higher cost and more complex design and maintenance.
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