Eric Steven Lander (born 1957)

Eric Steven Lander (born February 3, 1957) is an American mathematician and geneticist who is a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and a professor of systems biology at Harvard Medical School. Eric Lander is founding director emeritus of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.[5]

Lander served as the 11th director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and Science Advisor to the President in Joe Biden's presidential Cabinet.[6][1][7][8] In response to allegations that he had engaged in bullying and abusive conduct, Lander apologized and resigned from the Biden Administration effective February 18, 2022.[9][10]

Early life and education[edit]

Lander was born in Brooklyn, New York City,[11] to Jewish parents,[12] the son of Rhoda G. Lander, a social studies teacher, and Harold Lander, an attorney.[13] He was captain of the math team at Stuyvesant High School,[14] graduating in 1974 as valedictorian and an International Mathematical Olympiad Silver Medalist for the U.S.[15] At age 17, he wrote a paper on quasiperfect numbers for which he won the Westinghouse Science Talent Search.[15]

After graduating from Stuyvesant High School as valedictorian in 1974, Lander graduated from Princeton University in 1978 as valedictorian and with a Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics.[15][16] He completed his senior thesis, "On the structure of projective modules", under John Coleman Moore's supervision.[17] He then moved to the University of Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar and student of Wolfson College, Oxford.[18] He was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree by the University of Oxford in 1980 with a thesis on algebraic coding theory and symmetric block designs supervised by Peter Cameron.[19]

Career[edit]

During his career, Lander has worked on human genetic variation, human population history, genome evolution, non-coding RNAs, three-dimensional folding of the human genome and genome-wide association studies to discover the genes essential for biological processes using CRISPR-based editing.

Early mathematical career[edit]

As a mathematician, Lander studied combinatorics and applications of representation theory to coding theory. He enjoyed mathematics but did not wish to spend his life in such a "monastic" career.[20] Unsure what to do next, he took a job teaching managerial economics at Harvard Business School. At the suggestion of his brother, developmental biologist Arthur Lander, he started to look at neurobiology, saying at the time, "because there's a lot of information in the brain".[21] To understand mathematical neurobiology, he felt he had to study cellular neurobiology; this, in turn, led to studying microbiology and eventually genetics. "When I finally feel I have learned genetics, I should get back to these other problems. But I'm still trying to get the genetics right", Lander said.

Lander later became acquainted with David Botstein, a geneticist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Botstein was working on a way to unravel how subtle differences in complex genetic systems can become disorders such as cancer, diabetes, schizophrenia, and even obesity. The two collaborated to develop a computer algorithm to analyze the maps of genes.[20] In 1986 Lander joined the Whitehead Institute and became an assistant professor at MIT. He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 1987. In 1990, he founded the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research (WICGR). The WICGR became one of the world's leading centers of genome research, and under Lander's leadership made great progress in developing new methods of analyzing mammalian genomes. It also made important breakthroughs in applying this information to the study of human genetic variation and formed the basis for the foundation of the Broad Institute—a transformation Lander spearheaded.

Contributions to genomics[edit]

Two main groups attempted to sequence the human genome. The first was the Human Genome Project, a loosely organized, publicly funded effort that intended to publish the information it obtained freely and without restrictions. Many research groups from countries all over the world were involved in this effort. The second was undertaken by Celera Genomics, which intended to patent the information obtained and charge subscriptions for use of the sequence data. Established first, the Human Genome Project moved slowly in the early phases as the Department of Energy's role was unclear and sequencing technology was in its infancy. Officially, the Human Genome Project had an eight-year head start before Celera entered the race, though discussions for the Human Genome Project began fourteen years before Celera announced their own project.[22][23] Because the Human Genome Project was a $3 billion publicly funded venture,[22] the consortia raced to enter as much of the human genome into the public domain as quickly as possible once Celera began work in 1998. This was a change of strategy for the Human Genome Project, because many scientists at the time wanted to establish a more complete copy of the genome, not simply publish the many fragments individually. Lander aggressively pressured Human Genome Project scientists to work longer and faster to publish genome fragments before Celera.[24] Lander himself is now listed on 73 patents and patent applications related to genomics.[25]

In February 2001, both the Human Genome Project and Celera published drafts of the human genome in the scientific journals Nature [26] and Science,[27] respectively. In the Human Genome Project's Nature publication, the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, was listed first, with Lander listed as the first named author.[26][28]

Leveraging Celera's sequencing and analysis techniques, the Whitehead Institute also made a contribution to the sequencing of the mouse genome,[29] an important step in fully understanding the molecular biology of mice, which are often used as model organisms in studies of everything from human diseases to embryonic development. The WICGR has since sequenced the genomes of Ciona savignyi (sea squirt),[30] the pufferfish,[31] the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa,[32] and multiple relatives of Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[33] one of the most studied yeasts. The Ciona savignyi genome provides a good system for exploring the evolutionary origins of all vertebrates. Pufferfish have smaller-sized genomes than other vertebrates; as a result, their genomes are "mini" models for vertebrates. The sequencing of the yeasts related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae will facilitate the identification of key gene regulatory elements, some of which may be common to all eukaryotes (including both plant and animal kingdoms).

Lander was the founding editor of the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics.[34] He remained editor till 2004.

Beyond genomics[edit]

Sequence data is a list of bases found in a given stretch of DNA. Its value lies in the discoveries and new technologies it allows. For Lander, one of these applications is the study of disease. Lander is the founder and director of the Broad Institute, a collaboration between MIT, Harvard, the Whitehead Institute, and affiliated hospitals. Its goal is "to create tools for genome medicine and make them broadly available to the scientific community in order to apply these tools to propel the understanding and treatment of disease". To this end, they are studying the variation in the human genome and have led an international effort that has assembled a library of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). These act as markers or signposts in the genome, allowing the identification of disease susceptibility genes. They hope to construct a map of the human genome using blocks of these SNP called linkage disequilibrium (LD). This map will be of significant help in medical genetics by allowing researchers to link a given condition to a given gene or set of genes using the LD as a marker. This will allow for improved diagnostic procedures. Lander and his colleagues are hoping the LD map will allow them to test the Common Disease-Common Variant hypothesis that states that many common diseases may be caused by a small number of common alleles. For example, 50% of the variance in susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease is explained by the common allele ApoE4. Lander's group has recently discovered an important association that accounts for a large proportion of the population's risk for adult-onset diabetes.

Lander's most important work[35] may be his development of a molecular taxonomy for cancers.[36] The cancers are grouped according to gene expression and information such as their response to chemotherapy. The division of cancers into homogeneous subgroups will increase understanding of these cancers' molecular origins and help devise more effective therapies. Lander's group has also identified a new type of leukemia, MLL, and a gene that may serve as a target for a new drug.

Teaching[edit]

For several years, Lander has co-taught MIT's required undergraduate introductory biology course (7.012) with Robert Weinberg. Since 2013 he has also taught two online courses, "Quantitative Biology Workshop" and "7.00x Introduction to Biology – The Secret of Life" via the EdX platform by working with the MITx Bio group.[37]

Translational ventures[edit]

Lander is a founding advisor of Foundation Medicine, a company that aims to bring comprehensive cancer genomic analysis to routine clinical care.[38] He is also a co-founder of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.[39]

Forensic science and criminal justice[edit]

In 1989, Lander provided expert testimony in the New York criminal case People v. Castro. He showed that the then-current method of interpreting DNA evidence was liable to give false positive matches, implicating innocent defendants.[40][41][42] Two of the defense attorneys in that case, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, went on to found the Innocence Project, an organization that uses DNA analysis to exonerate wrongly convicted prisoners. Lander is a member of the Innocence Project's board of directors.[43]

Science Advisor to the President[edit]

Vice President Kamala Harris swears in Lander as director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, June 2021

In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Lander as Science Advisor to the President and announced that he would elevate the position to a Cabinet-level post.[6] In January 2021, 500 female scientists published an editorial in Scientific American to consider naming someone else to the position, because he was well known within the scientific community for offending women.[44] His nomination had been held up possibly due to requests for clarification about his having attended two gatherings where Jeffrey Epstein, a wealthy large-scale donor to science who was also a convicted sex offender, was present.[45] On April 29, a confirmation hearing was held in the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.[46][47] On May 20, the committee voted to report favorably on the nomination, with five Republican senators voting against.[48] On May 28, 2021, before a Memorial Day recess, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote by the full Senate. Lander was sworn in as director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy on June 2, 2021. He took his oath using a rare 1492 copy of the Pirkei Avot.[49]

On February 7, 2022, Politico reported on a White House investigation in which fourteen current and former Office of Science and Technology Policy staffers accused Lander on February 4 of having bullied and demeaned his subordinates.[50] Lander admitted to the behavior and issued an apology to staff on February 4, his apology includes, "I am devastated that I caused hurt to past and present colleagues by the way in which I have spoken to them... I believe it is not possible to continue effectively in my role, and the work of this office is far too important to be hindered."[51] He later resigned on February 7.[52][53]

Since 2023, Eric Lander has returned to his tenured professor positions at MIT and Harvard as well as Broad as a Core Institute Member and Founding Director Emeritus. He served as president and founding director from Broad's inception until 2021.

Recognition and service[edit]

In 1999, Lander received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[54]

In 2004, Lander was named one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people of our time for his work on the Human Genome Project. He has appeared in numerous PBS documentaries about genetics. He was ranked #2 on the MIT150 list of MIT's innovators and ideas.[55]

In December 2008, Lander and Harold E. Varmus were named co-chairs of the Obama administration's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. In 2012 he received the Dan David Prize.[56]

Lander is a member of the advisory board to the USA Science and Engineering Festival.[57]

In 2013, Lander was awarded the first Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.[58][59] In 2016, Semantic Scholar AI program ranked him #1 on its list of most influential biomedical researchers.[60]

In 2016, he received the Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics from the Association for Molecular Pathology.[61]

In 2017, Lander received an honoris causa doctorate from the Université catholique de Louvain.[62] Also in 2017, he received the William Allan Award from the American Society of Human Genetics.[63]

In 2019, he served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize. In 2020, Pope Francis appointed him a member of the Pontifical Academy of Science.[64] In 2021, Lander, who holds many patents, disclosed ownership of assets worth more than $45 million.[65]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eric Lander.

Scholia has an author profile for Eric Lander.

1999 (Oct 10) - The Boston Globe : "The DNA Detective"

Mentioned : Eric Steven Lander (born 1957) / Kevin Judd McKernan (born 1973) /

Boston Globe, Oct 10 1999, page 16 Full page image : [HN02BV][GDrive]

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2000 (July 12) - MIT News : "Whitehead scientists enjoy genome sequence milestone"

Seema Kumar, Whitehead Institute / Saved as PDF : [HE00AM][GDrive]

Mentioned : Eric Steven Lander (born 1957) / Kevin Judd McKernan (born 1973) / Human Genome Project / Celera Genomics Corporation / Dr. John Craig Venter (born 1946) /

Image of saved PDF : [HE00AN][GDrive]

The Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research enjoyed much more than 15 minutes of fame in late June, as the [Human Genome Project] and [Celera Genomics Corporation] announced their first assemblies of the human genome, the genetic blueprint for a human being.

Whitehead was the single largest contributor to the [Human Genome Project], providing roughly a third of all the sequence assembled by the international consortium of 16 laboratories involved.

Whitehead also laid much of the groundwork needed for the project, by scaling up 20-fold and launching the project's final phase -- sequencing the three billion base pairs that make up the human genome. Over the past year or so, Whitehead's sequencing center produced more than one billion base pairs or DNA letters that went toward assembling the "book of life" announced on June 26.

BETTER, FASTER THAN EXPECTED

Production of genome sequence has skyrocketed over the past year, with more than 60 percent of the sequence having been produced in the past six months alone. During this time, the project consortium has been producing 1,000 bases per second of raw sequence -- seven days a week, 24 hours a day.

The consortium's goal for spring 2000 was to produce a "working draft" version of the human sequence, an assembly containing overlapping fragments that cover approximately 90 percent of the genome and that are sequenced in "working draft" form, i.e., with some gaps and ambiguities. The consortium's ultimate goal is to produce a completely "finished" sequence, i.e. one with no gaps and 99.99 percent accuracy. The target date for this ultimate goal had been 2003, but the final, stand-the-test-of-time sequence will likely be produced considerably ahead of that schedule.

The Human Genome Project consortium centers in six countries have produced far more sequence data than expected (more than 22.1 billion bases of raw sequence data, comprising overlapping fragments totaling 3.9 billion bases and providing seven-fold sequence coverage of the human genome). As a result, the working draft is substantially closer to the ultimate finished form than the consortium expected at this stage.

Although the working draft is useful for most biomedical research, a highly accurate sequence that's as close to perfect as possible is critical for obtaining all the information there is to get from human sequence data. This has already been achieved for chromosomes 21 and 22, as well as for 24 percent of the entire genome.

In a related announcement, Celera Genomics announced that it completed its own first assembly of the human genome DNA sequence.

The public and private projects use similar automation and sequencing technology, but different approaches to sequencing the human genome. The public project uses a "hierarchical shotgun" approach in which individual large DNA fragments of known position are subjected to shotgun sequencing (i.e., shredded into small fragments that are sequenced, and then reassembled on the basis of sequence overlaps). The Celera project uses a "whole genome shotgun" approach, in which the entire genome is shredded into small fragments that are sequenced and put back together on the basis of sequence overlaps.

TRIUMPHANT FEELINGS

Behind all the publicity hoopla was the personal triumph and exhilaration felt by every Whitehead person involved with the project. In fact, for most of them, including the eight representatives from the Genome Center who went to a White House ceremony in Washington, the pride and excitement about a job well done far surpassed any appearance on the "Today" show.

[Eric Steven Lander (born 1957)], professor of biology and director of the Whitehead Genome Center, and Lauren Linton, co-director of its sequencing center, as well as sequencing center team leaders were in the White House East Room as President Clinton and Britain's Prime Minister Tony Blair made the historic announcement -- that the "book of life" had been decoded. The room was electric with anticipation as the band played "Hail to the Chief" and announced the President's entrance.

Remarks by President Clinton, Francis Collins (director of the National Human Genome Research Institute) and [Dr. John Craig Venter (born 1946)] (president of [Celera Genomics Corporation]) recognized the work of the thousands of scientists who helped the world reach this milestone.

"We are incredibly happy and feeling a sense of triumph. This is an exciting day, and the credit goes to all the people who worked day and night at a feverish pace both to create the sequencing center and to sequence every last bit of DNA to achieve the goals that we had set for this milestone," said Dr. Linton.

"It's very exciting to be here, to stand here in the White House and be recognized for our accomplishments. It was impressive and overwhelming and totally thrilling," said Nicole Stange-Thomann, leader of the clone preparation and library construction team.

She and several team leaders from Whitehead, including [Kevin Judd McKernan (born 1973)], Mike Zody, Lisa Kann, Jim Meldrim, Ken Dewar, Will Fitzhugh and Paul McEwan, attended the White House event and the press conference that followed at the Capital Hilton.

MEDIA BLITZ

Back in Cambridge, sequencing center assistant directors Bruce Birren and Chad Nusbaum rallied the troops for a celebration at the Whitehead Genome Center. They also faced huge and unprecedented media interest in the topic, handling dozens of interviews and television broadcasts that followed the announcement. WHDH-TV Channel 7 (the Boston affiliate of NBC) broadcast live from the Whitehead party, and Channels 4 and 56 also descended on the Whitehead sequencing center.

CNN, ABC, NBC, CBS, the Discovery Channel and many other national and international TV stations had prepared in advance, taking footage of the sequencing center and conducting interviews in the past several months, and were ready with stories featuring Whitehead soon after the June 26 announcement.

Whitehead was also featured in the New York Times, the Boston Globe, the Boston Herald, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, Newsday, USA Today, the Wall Street Journal, the Dallas Morning News, Time, the Associated Press and many other newspapers and magazines.

While the media attention focused mostly on the sequencing center, some of it also trickled down to the Genome Center's Functional Genomics Group and the main Whitehead Institute on questions regarding functional genomics and other applications of the genome sequence. Media calls came at a frenzied pace as news outlets frantically tried to get Whitehead scientists to appear on shows on short notice.

MIT Professor of Biology and Whitehead member Richard A. Young appeared on MSNBC; Professor and Whitehead director Gerald Fink was on Greater Boston with Emily Rooney; and [Kevin Judd McKernan (born 1973)] (a team leader at the sequencing center) and David Altshuler (a research scientist at the Genome Center and Harvard endocrinologist) were on the Geraldo Rivera show on CNBC. All this happened within the span of just one day (June 26). Media calls continued to pour in all week as reporters did follow-up stories about the Genome Center's accomplishments.

"We deserve to be proud of our accomplishments and bask in this glory as the world's attention focuses on us. The credit goes to all the individuals at the Whitehead Genome Center who have worked hard to make us the flagship center of the Human Genome Project Consortium. Everyone associated with this project should feel proud," said Professor [Eric Steven Lander (born 1957)],.