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Armagnac troops pg 62
The Armagnac party was formed in opposition to the Burgundians as a result of the murder of Louis, duke of Orléans (brother of the mad king Charles VI), by John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy (1407). With the marriage of his daughter to the son of the victim, Bernard came to head what had been the Orleanist party. Because the Burgundians often aligned with the English, the Armagnacs seemed to be a national party but were basically a power-seeking group. They gained control of the mad king from 1413. Bernard was named constable, chief of the army, and governor of all finances. The Armagnacs led the resistance to the English king Henry V’s invasion of France but suffered a setback in the Battle of Agincourt (1415). Profiting from discontent caused by the harsh government of the Armagnacs, the Burgundians entered Paris and killed Bernard and many of his followers in the summer of 1418. After 1418 the Armagnacs rapidly lost power as the new king Charles VII gained leadership and was reconciled with Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
Baudricourt
In 1429, Robert De Baudricourt's only title was captain of the royal garrison at Vaucouleurs. It was to him that Joan Of Arc appealed to provide an escort to the court of Charles Valois, Dauphin of France. Initially, De Baudricourt simply did not take the sixteen-year-old peasant girl seriously, but since Vaucouleurs was not a large town, he could hardly avoid her. Having cornered him in a public place, she began to lecture everyone present, holding them spellbound, and putting public pressure on De Baudricourt to assist her. Finally, he relented, and provided an escort to visit the Dauphin.
Blasphemy pg 69
the act or offense of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things; profane talk.
Box your ears/ear boxing pg 33
Is a hard, simultaneous slap of both ears. The violent act was a popular form of child punishment during the Victorian era.
Cross Dressing in Shakespeare pg 42
There is cross dressing in the Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night – cross-dressing is central to both the complication and the resolution of the plot. The heroines also disguise themselves as men in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, one of Shakespeare's earliest plays, and in Cymbeline, one of his latest.
Domremy pg 31, 55
Full title- Domrémy-la-Pucelle, a village in northeastern France. It lies on the banks of the Meuse River. Domrémy was where St. Joan of Arc was born about 1412. The village still has several medieval buildings, including St. Joan’s birthplace, now a museum. Nearby is the church containing the font at which she was baptized.
Dogmatic pg 41
-inclined to lay down principles with undefended certainty.
Emily Dickinson pg 24
(December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry.
Evidence suggests that Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation. While Dickinson was a prolific writer, her only publications during her lifetime were 10 of her nearly 1,800 poems, and one letter. The poems published then were usually edited significantly to fit conventional poetic rules. Her poems were unique to her era. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends, and also explore aesthetics, society, nature and spirituality.
Eons pg 8
Noun- an indefinite and very long period of time, often a period exaggerated for humorous or rhetorical effect.
Frittata pg 10
an egg-based Italian dish similar to an omelette or crustless quiche or scrambled eggs, enriched with additional ingredients such as meats, cheeses or vegetables. The word frittata is Italian and roughly translates to "fried."
Gender affirmative surgery pg 4
Gender-affirming surgery changes a person’s sexual characteristics to better reflect their gender identity.For some trans and gender diverse people, these surgeries are needed for their well-being. Surgeries can give relief from gender dysphoria (distress experienced when a person’s gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth), increase safety and comfort, and lessen or eliminate the need to take hormone therapies.
https://smartsexresource.com/topics/gender-affirming-surgeries#:~:text=Gender%2Daffirming%20surgery%20changes%20a,needed%20for%20their%20well%2Dbeing.
Heresy pg 69
-belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.
Horse Jockey pg 35
A jockey is someone who races horses, usually as a profession. Jockeys are mostly self-employed, and are asked by horse trainers and owners to race their horses for a fee, and will also get a cut of the purse winnings.
A jockey will start out as an apprentice jockey when they are young, riding horses in the morning for the trainers. He or she must successfully ride a minimum of 20 barrier trials before being allowed to start riding in races. The weight of a jockey usually ranges from 108 - 118 lbs. for flat racing and despite their light weight, they must be able to control a horse that weighs 1200-1400 lbs. A racing quarter horse has a top speed of nearly 55 miles per hour; a racing thoroughbred can sustain 40 mph for over a mile.
https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/jockey/https://web.archive.org/web/20121008170040/http://animal.discovery.com/tv/jockeys/horse-racing/jockeys-101/general-facts.htmlhttps://horseracingsense.com/why-jockeys-wear-silks-other-facts/
Jean Luc-Godard pg 49
(born 3 December 1930) is a French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic. He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the 1960s French New Wave film movement, and is arguably the most influential French filmmaker of the post-war era.
Kentucky Derby pg 50
A horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, almost always on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The competition is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles at Churchill Downs.
It is dubbed "The Run for the Roses", stemming from the blanket of roses draped over the winner. It is also known in the United States as "The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports" or "The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports" because of its approximate duration. It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown, followed by the Preakness Stakes, and then the Belmont Stakes.
Martyr pg 11
noun-Someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a religious belief or cause as demanded by an external party.
Medieval Times pg 8
a family dinner theater featuring staged medieval-style games, sword-fighting, and jousting. Shows are performed by a cast of about 75 actors and 20 horses in each location.
Mutually exclusive pg 57
a statistical term describing two or more events that cannot happen simultaneously. It is commonly used to describe a situation where the occurrence of one outcome supersedes the other.
Mutton pg 41
noun-the flesh of sheep, especially mature sheep, used as food.
Nationalism pg 58
noun- identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Nurse practitioner pg 26
An advanced practice registered nurse and a type of mid-level practitioner. NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, formulate and prescribe treatment plans.
Orleans pg 38
French city and capital of Loiret département, Centre région, north-central France. It is located south-southwest of Paris. The city stands on the banks of the Loire River in a fertile valley on the edge of the Beauce plain.
Orléans, which derives its name from the Roman Aurelianum, was conquered by Julius Caesar in 52 BC.
Piety pg 37
noun-the quality of being religious or reverent.
Porridge pg 40
Porridge is a food commonly eaten as a breakfast cereal dish, made by boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants—typically grain—in water or milk.
Precipice pg 51
noun
1-a cliff with a vertical, nearly vertical, or overhanging face.
2-a situation of great peril.
Roller derby pg 8
A roller skating contact sport played by two teams of fifteen members.
Game play consists of a series of short scrimmages (jams) in which both teams designate a jammer (who wears a unique designation on the helmet; currently a star) and four blockers to skate counter-clockwise around a track. The jammer scores points by lapping members of the opposing team. The teams attempt to hinder the opposing jammer while assisting their own jammer—in effect, playing both offense and defense simultaneously.
Saint Catherine pg 28 (287AD-305AD)
Her feast day is Nov. 25, and she is the patron of a great many professions and causes. Her patronage includes students, unmarried girls, apologists and many more as well as many places around the world.
As a teenager, she was very intelligent and gifted. When the Emperor Maxentius of Alexandria began persecuting Christians, Catherine visited him to denounce his cruelty.
She was unable to be persuaded from her faith by even the most experienced philosophers, which ultimately led to her being arrested and tortured. During her time she was able to convince a number of citizens of her faith, some even say the emperor's wife.
The emperor's last attempt to convince her was by proposing marriage but she claimed to be married to Jesus Christ. The emperor then ordered her to be executed on a breaking wheel. The breaking wheel is an ancient form of torture where a person's limbs are threaded among the spokes and their bones are shattered by an executioner with a heavy rod. When Catherine was presented before the wheel, she touched it and a miracle occurred that caused the wheel to shatter. Unable to torture her to death, the emperor simply ordered her beheaded.
Saint Margaret pg 28 (1045AD-1093AD)
Canonized in 1250 by Pope Innocent IV. She is the patron saint of Scotland and her feast day is celebrated on November 16. She constantly worked to aid the poor Scotland. She encouraged people to live a devout life, grow in prayer, and grow in holiness. She helped to build churches, including the Abbey of Dunfermline, where a relic of the true Cross is kept. She was well-known for her deep life of prayer and piety. She set aside specific times for prayer and to read Scripture. She didn't eat often and slept very little so she would have more time for her devotions.
Syria pg 65
A country located on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Asia. Its area includes territory in the Golan Heights that has been occupied by Israel since 1967.
There's been a civil war in Syria for the last eight years, with different groups trying to seize control of the country.
The fighting has been between:
Soldiers who support the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad
Fighters known as rebels, who don't want Assad to be in power anymore
The group that calls itself Islamic State (IS)
In the chaos of fighting between the government and anti-government fighters, IS took over large parts of Iraq and then moved into eastern Syria, where they were able to gain land and power.
By March 2019, IS had lost control of all the land they once occupied. More than 12,000 suspected IS members are now being held by Kurdish forces.
The situation is very complicated because other countries have got involved in the conflict.
The Syrian government's key supporters are Russia and Iran, while the US, Turkey and Saudi Arabia backed the rebels. The UK, France and other western countries have also provided varying levels of support to what they consider to be "moderate" rebels.
Fighting continues. Recently, the US removed troops from north-east of the country, which gave way for Turkey to launch a military attack against Kurdish-forces in northern Syria.
According to the United Nations (UN) - a group of countries working together to try to bring peace - at least 6.2 million ordinary people have had to leave their homes inside Syria, while another 5.6 million have left to go abroad.
Taylor swift pg 5
An American singer-songwriter. Her narrative songwriting, which often centers around her personal life, has received widespread critical plaudits and media coverage.
Terrorist pg 15
noun-a person who uses unlawful violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
Vaucouleurs pg 27
A commune in the Meuse department of France. Joan of Arc stayed in Vaucouleurs for several months during 1428 and 1429 while she sought permission to visit the royal court of Charles VII of France.
Virile pg 37 Pronounced Veer-rel adjective- having strength, energy, and a strong sex drive (typically used of a man).
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