CHAPTER 2
EUROPEAN EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS
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THE MISSIONS OF NEW MEXICO
ESSENTIAL CHAPTER QUESTION
ESSENTIAL CHAPTER QUESTION
What impact did European exploration have on the Americas?
SPAIN CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
SPAIN CLAIMS AN EMPIRE
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION | CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS | CONQUERING THE AZTEC AND INCA | CONQUISTADORS IN THE NORTH
The search for a western route to Asia during the late 15th and early 16th centuries opened the Americas to European settlement.
“By prevailing over all obstacles and distractions, one may unfailingly arrive at his chosen goal or destination.” —Christopher Columbus
Of course, since Christopher Columbus’s chosen goal was Asia, he didn’t actually arrive at his destination. He got distracted by North America, which he confused with India.
A variety of factors help Spanish soldiers and adventurers conquer the Aztec and Inca empires in the 16th century.
Conquistadors exploring North America in the 1540s were less successful than Cortez and Pizarro.
EUROPE FIGHTS OVER NORTH AMERICA
EUROPE FIGHTS OVER NORTH AMERICA
COMPETING CLAIMS | DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA | FRENCH AND DUTCH COLONIES
Struggles arose in Europe when other countries challenged the claims Spain and Portugal had made in the Americas.
Because of England's strong naval fleet, an English victory at sea changed Spanish dominance in Europe and the Americas.
The French and Dutch claimed North American lands as rich sources of trade and wealth, but they had trouble establishing colonies.
SPANISH RULE IN THE AMERICAS
SPANISH RULE IN THE AMERICAS
SPANISH COLONIAL RULE | DISEASE AND NATIVE AMERICANS | THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Spanish colonial social and agricultural practices in the Americas had a dramatic effect of Native American cultures.
Modern scientific research can help explain how diseases from Europe impacted Native Americans in North America.
The Columbian Exchange was a significant biological event that changed societies and environments around the world.
SLAVERY BEGINS IN THE AMERICAS
SLAVERY BEGINS IN THE AMERICAS
A NEW KIND OF SLAVERY | THE GROWTH OF SLAVERY
Demand for labor in Europe and the Americas drove the development of a new kind of slavery, beginning with the capture of people in West Africa.
European access to African slave labor paved the way for the growth of slave labor in the Americas and the expansion of the slave trade.
REVIEW
REVIEW
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY
Conquistador - (n.) a Spanish conqueror who sought gold and other riches in the Americas
Mercantilism - (n.) an economic policy that gives a country sole ownership of the trade occurring in its colonies
Missionary - (n.) a person who tries to spread Christianity
Smallpox - (n.) a deadly virus that causes a high fever and small blisters on the skin
Viceroy - (n.) a governor of Spain's colonies in the Americas who represented the Spanish king and queen
Viceroyalty - (n.) a territory governed by a viceroy
Circumnavigate - (v.) to travel completely around the Earth
Galleon - (n.) a large sailing ship especially by the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries
Heretic - (n.) a person who holds beliefs different from the teachings of the Catholic Church
Northwest Passage - (n.) a passage by water between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America
Persecute - (v.) to punish, particularly because of beliefs or background
Privateer - (n.) an armed but privately owned ship that acts under the authority of a government to participate in warfare; or a sailor on such a ship
Watershed - (n.) an area of land that includes a particular river or lake and all the bodies of water that flow into it
Columbian Exchange - (n.) the exchange of plants, animals, microbes, people, and ideas between Europe and the Americas following Columbus's first voyage to the Western Hemisphere
Encomienda - (n.) a system in Spain's American colonies in which wealthy settlers were given plots of land and allowed to enslave the people who lived there
Hacienda - (n.) a large plantation in a Spanish-speaking colony
Immunity - (n.) a protection against disease, either natural or induced by vaccination
Mestizo - (n.) a person who has mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
Mission - (n.) a Christian church settlement established to convert native peoples
Plantation - (n.) a large farm; on southern plantations, slaves worked to grow and harvest crops
Quinine - (n.) a substance made from the bark of a tree that is an effective remedy for malaria
African Diaspora - (n.) the removal of Africans from their homelands to the Americas
Chattel Slavery - (n.) a system in which enslaved people have no human rights and are classified as goods
Institution - (n.) an established and accepted practice in a society or culture
Middle Passage - (n.) the long trip across the Atlantic Ocean by which enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas; the second leg of the triangular trade route
Slavery - (n.) a social system which human beings take complete control of others
Triangular Trade - (n.) a transatlantic trade network formed by Europe, West Africa, and the Americas
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