Part 1 Understanding
What is explanation text? Explanation text is a text that explains how and why a phenomenon happens. It includes both natural and social phenomena. Hmm, what does that mean? So, explanation text is a text that explains how and why something can happen , either natural or social phenomena.
From the above understanding, we can conclude that explanation text functions to provide information through a detailed explanation of a phenomenon that occurs. That's why , the writing in the explanation text must be made in detail and answer the reader's questions.
Where can you find this text? There are many, guys . Not only in school books, you can read explanation text from the news, internet articles, knowledge books, and so on.
An Explanation text is a piece of non-fiction writing explaining an action process or event in a detailed but simple way. It features numbered points, time connectives, pictures, diagrams, labels and captions to help the receiver understand the process of what’s being delivered.
What are the Key Features of an Explanation Text?
Explanation text is typically written in the present tense with formal to-the-point language that doesn’t deviate from the topic.
It uses separate text with headings and subheadings to make the explanation text simple and easy to understand.
Add pictures and diagrams with labels for visual learners.
Any technical vocabulary used should fit into a glossary at the end to help with jargon.
Numbered points that explain something step-by-step.
There are two types of explanation text , what are they?
This text explains a process based on sequence and time.
Example: How seawater becomes salty. (How seawater can be salty.)
This text explains the causes and effects of the phenomenon.
Example: Why people feel sleepy after a meal. (Why do people feel sleepy after eating?)
Explanation text consists of four parts, namely title, general statement, explanation, and conclusion . Let's discuss them one by one.
The first structure is the title . The title of the text provides an overview of the contents of the text.
In the second part, namely the general statement , a general description of the matter described in the text will be explained .
Next, there is the explanation section . This section provides a series of processes on how and why something happens or cause and effect explained through a sequence of events. FYI , this explanation section can consist of more than one paragraph.
Finally, there is the conclusion section , which contains the conclusions of the entire process that has been explained previously.
1. General statement
It is located at the beginning paragraph, it tells the phenomenon that has been issued.
2. Explanation
It tells the sequence process of how the phenomenon occurs.
To explain the background or how the thing happens/occurs.
-sequence connection
-passive voice
-action verbs
-Noun phrase
-technical terms
3. Connective Words
As the name suggests, connective words are words that connect ideas. In explanation text , connective words are divided into two, namely as follows.
A. Sequential Connective Words
Sequential Connective Words are words that connect based on sequence or time. For example:
Then (Then)
After that (After that)
However
Although (Although)
In addition (In addition)
Moreover (Besides that)
B. Cause and Effect Connective Words
Cause and Effect Connective Words are connecting words that show cause and effect. Examples include:
Because (Because)
Since (Because)
As (Because)
Because of
So (So)
Therefore (Therefore)
Caused by
Due to
Technical terms mean technical terms related to the phenomena being discussed.
Keep on fire!
What is explanation text?
Explanation text is a text that explains about a process or sequence of phenomena.
There are 2 types of explanation text; sequential and cause and effect.
What is the purpose of explanation text?
An explanation text is written to explain how and why something (natural or socio-cultural phenomena) in the world happen. The text contains the process or sequence of the phenomena.
The generic structures of explanation text are?
The generic structures of explanation text consists of three components.
Title
General statement -> Stating the phenomena or issues which are being explained.
Explanation -> Stating the series of steps which explain the issues or phenomena.
The language features of explanation text.
Focusing generic participant -> an object or phenomenon which is being discussed, such as; rain, chocolate, etc.
Using present tense -> This kind of text mostly applies present tense for its sentences, such as; "rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, ......."; Chocolate starts from a tree called cacao tree, and etc.
Using chronological connectors -> The text applies chronological connectors / chronological connections / connectives, such as; first, second, third, then, after, after that, finally, so, as a consequence, and etc.
Using passive voice -> The text sometimes applies passive form, such as; "... the beans are fermented for about a week, dried under the sun, and shipped to the chocolate maker...".
Using noun, pronoun, verb, and etc. -> Like so many other text, explanation text absolutely applies a lot of nouns, pronouns (subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive pronoun, demonstrative pronoun), action verb, and etc.
Part 2 Example
Teks Explanation 1 (Joshua)
Acid rain is a type of precipitation that contains unusually high levels of acidity due to the presence of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in water droplets. While normal rainwater is naturally slightly acidic, with a pH of about 6, acid rain can have a pH as low as 2.8, making it far more corrosive. This increased acidity forms when pollutants released into the atmosphere react chemically with water vapor and oxygen. As a result, the rain, snow, sleet, or fog that falls to the ground carries these strong acids, posing serious risks to the environment.
The primary sources of acid rain are the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil. When these fuels are burned in power plants, factories, and vehicles, they release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂) into the atmosphere. These gases may settle directly onto land or water surfaces through a process known as dry deposition, or they may remain in the air for some time. While in the atmosphere, they undergo oxidation, meaning they react with oxygen, and then dissolve in water vapor to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). These acids can travel long distances in clouds before eventually falling to Earth as acid rain.
Certain atmospheric substances act as catalysts, speeding up the chemical reactions that lead to acid formation. Compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium promote the conversion of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into stronger acids within cloud droplets. Ammonium (NH₄⁺) can form when acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia (NH₃), but this process does not completely eliminate acidity. Additionally, hydrocarbons released from vehicle exhaust react with nitrogen oxides in sunlight to produce ozone at ground level. Although ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, low-level ozone contributes to respiratory problems and further accelerates the chemical reactions that produce acid rain.
The environmental effects of acid rain are severe and widespread. When acid rain falls onto soil, it can dissolve and release heavy metals such as aluminum (Al), which are normally locked safely in the ground. As this contaminated water flows into rivers and lakes, aluminum can accumulate and harm aquatic life. Many lakes affected by acid rain have experienced drastic declines in fish populations, and in extreme cases, entire ecosystems have been destroyed. Acid rain lowers the pH of water bodies, making it difficult for fish, amphibians, and aquatic plants to survive.
Forests are also heavily impacted by acid rain. The acidic precipitation damages leaves and needles, reducing trees’ ability to photosynthesize and grow. It also washes away essential nutrients from the soil, depriving trees and other plants of the minerals they need to remain healthy. At the same time, the increased presence of toxic metals in the soil damages roots and harms beneficial microorganisms. Over time, these combined effects weaken forests, making them more vulnerable to disease, pests, and harsh weather conditions
Teks Explanation 2 (Fambut)
Have you ever wondered where chocolate comes from? Many people enjoy eating chocolate every day, but few understand the long journey it takes before it reaches store shelves. In this article, we will explore the fascinating process behind chocolate making so you can better appreciate exactly what you are eating. From tropical farms to chocolate factories, the story of chocolate is both complex and interesting.
Chocolate begins with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows mainly in warm, humid regions near the equator, especially in parts of South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces large fruits known as pods, each about the size of a small pineapple. Inside these pods are seeds called cocoa beans, which are the essential ingredient used to make chocolate. Without these beans, chocolate would not exist.
After the cacao pods are harvested, the beans are removed and placed in piles or boxes to ferment for about a week. Fermentation is a crucial step because it helps develop the flavor of the chocolate. Once fermentation is complete, the beans are dried in the sun to reduce moisture. After drying, they are packed and shipped to chocolate manufacturers around the world, where the transformation into chocolate truly begins.
At the factory, the beans are first roasted to bring out their rich aroma and flavor. Because cacao beans from different countries have unique tastes and qualities, chocolate makers often sort and blend them to create a specific flavor profile. After roasting, the beans go through a process called winnowing, which removes the outer shells and leaves behind the inner part known as nibs. These nibs are then crushed and ground into a thick paste.
As the nibs are ground, they release their natural fat, causing the mixture to turn into a smooth liquid called chocolate liquor. Despite its name, chocolate liquor does not contain alcohol; it is pure, bitter chocolate in liquid form. Cacao beans contain about 50 percent fat, which explains why the ground nibs become fluid. From this chocolate liquor, different types of chocolate—such as dark, milk, and white—are eventually created by adding ingredients like sugar, milk, and extra cocoa butter.
Teks Explanation 3 (Lewi)
Recycling is the process of collecting, processing, and reusing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as waste. Many different items can be recycled, including precious metals, broken glass, old newspapers, cardboard, and even plastic spoons. Instead of ending up in landfills, these materials are transformed into new products. Through recycling, valuable resources are preserved and given a second life, reducing the need to extract raw materials from the Earth.
In general, manufacturing products from recycled materials costs less and uses less energy than producing them from new raw materials. For example, recycling aluminum or paper requires significantly less energy than creating them from mined ore or freshly cut trees. Recycling also helps reduce pollution. It lowers the demand for processes that cause high levels of air and water pollution and decreases the overall waste produced during manufacturing. As a result, recycling plays an important role in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources.
Paper is one of the most commonly recycled materials. Recyclable paper products include cardboard boxes, wrapping paper, office paper, and newspapers. Newsprint is the most frequently recycled paper product. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are first collected and carefully checked for contaminants such as plastic bags, tape, and aluminum foil. Removing these unwanted materials is important to ensure the quality of the recycled paper.
After sorting, the paper is transported to a processing plant. There, it is mixed with hot water and blended into pulp by a large machine that works similarly to a kitchen blender. The pulp is then screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. Next, the pulp is placed in a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and floats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried, and either reused as ink or burned as fuel. Finally, the cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers and processed into new paper products.
The benefits of recycling paper are significant. Experts estimate that the average office worker produces about 5 kilograms of wastepaper each month. Recycling just one ton of paper saves approximately 1.4 cubic meters (about 50 cubic feet) of landfill space. In addition, one ton of recycled paper saves about 17 pulpwood trees that would otherwise be cut down for paper production. These facts highlight how recycling not only reduces waste but also protects forests and conserves valuable natural resources.
Teks Explanation 4 (Sinta)
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food. It is the main function of leaves and is essential for the survival of plants. The word “photosynthesis” means “putting together with light.” During this process, green plants use energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide from the air with water from the soil to produce sugar and other important chemical compounds. Without photosynthesis, plants would not be able to grow or produce the food that supports life on Earth.
The light needed for photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found inside tiny structures in plant cells known as chloroplasts. These chloroplasts are mainly located in the cells of plant leaves. When sunlight shines on the leaves, chlorophyll captures the light energy and uses it to power the chemical reactions of photosynthesis. This step is very important because light energy is converted into chemical energy that the plant can store and use.
Inside the chloroplasts, the absorbed light energy causes water, which is drawn up from the soil through the roots, to split into hydrogen and oxygen. This process is called photolysis. The oxygen is released as a byproduct and exits the plant through small openings in the leaves called stomata. The release of oxygen during photosynthesis is vital for most living organisms, as it replenishes the oxygen supply in the atmosphere.
The hydrogen produced from the splitting of water then combines with carbon dioxide that has entered the leaf from the air. Through a series of complex chemical reactions, these elements form a simple sugar called glucose. This stage of photosynthesis does not require light directly, but it depends on the energy captured during the light-absorbing stage. The formation of glucose is crucial because it provides the basic source of food and energy for the plant.
From this simple sugar, plants are able to produce many other substances necessary for life. By combining glucose with nutrients such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus from the soil, plants can make starch, fats, proteins, vitamins, and other complex compounds. Photosynthesis therefore not only feeds the plant itself but also provides the chemical energy that supports nearly all living organisms. In fact, life on Earth depends on photosynthesis, as it forms the foundation of most food chains and maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Teks Explanation 5(Christia)
The human body is made up of countless millions of cells that constantly work to keep us alive and healthy. In order to grow, repair damaged tissues, and replace worn-out cells, our body needs nutrients from food. However, the food we eat cannot be used immediately in its original form. It must first be broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed and carried by the blood to different parts of the body. This important process of breaking down food into usable forms is called digestion.
The first stage of digestion begins in the mouth. When we eat, our teeth cut and grind the food into smaller pieces, making it easier to swallow and digest. At the same time, glands in the mouth produce saliva, which mixes with the food. Saliva contains digestive juices that start breaking down certain nutrients, especially starches. It also moistens and softens the food, forming it into a mass called a bolus, which can be swallowed easily.
After being swallowed, the food passes through the esophagus, also known as the food pipe. The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach. Through a series of wave-like muscular movements called peristalsis, the food is pushed downward into the stomach. In the stomach, the food is mixed with strong digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining. These juices contain acids and enzymes that further break down the food, especially proteins. The food may remain in the stomach for several hours while it is churned and mixed thoroughly.
Once the food has been partially digested in the stomach, it moves into the small intestine. The small intestine is a long, coiled tube where most digestion and absorption take place. Here, additional digestive juices from the pancreas and bile from the liver mix with the food. The muscular walls of the intestine continue to squeeze and mix the food, ensuring that it is broken down into even simpler chemical substances. Over a few hours, the food is transformed into nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars.
These nutrients are then absorbed through tiny finger-like projections called villi that line the walls of the small intestine. The villi increase the surface area for absorption and allow nutrients to pass into the bloodstream efficiently. Once in the blood, these substances are transported to cells throughout the body, where they are used for energy, growth, and repair. Through the process of digestion, the food we eat is converted into the essential building blocks that keep our bodies functioning properly.
Teks Explanation 6 (Noen)
A natural disaster is a sudden and terrible event caused by natural forces of the Earth. Examples include great floods, large fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other extreme events. These disasters often result in great suffering and the loss of large amounts of property and money. Many people may be injured or lose their lives, while others are left homeless and in need of food, shelter, and medical care. Natural disasters can strike quickly and without warning, leaving communities struggling to recover.
Floods are among the most common natural disasters. They occur when rivers, lakes, or streams overflow their banks and spread water onto the surrounding land. Floods can be caused by many different factors. Heavy rainstorms, especially those that last for several hours or days, can cause rivers to rise rapidly. However, not every heavy storm leads to flooding. If the land around a river is flat and able to absorb water, flooding may not happen. On the other hand, if the ground is hard, rocky, or already soaked with water, it cannot absorb more rain. In such cases, rivers can easily overflow, especially where their banks are low, flooding nearby lowlands.
In many parts of the world, floods are also caused by powerful tropical storms known as hurricanes or typhoons. These storms bring extremely strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges that push seawater onto land. The combination of wind and water can cause widespread destruction. Entire villages and towns may be swept away by fast-moving water. Railroad tracks can be torn from the ground, and highways may be washed away. Crops are destroyed, livestock may drown, and clean water supplies can become contaminated, creating further health risks.
Fire is another serious type of natural or accidental disaster. When a building catches fire, firefighters quickly respond to control and extinguish the flames. Today, they use modern equipment such as fire engines and water pumps. In the past, before pumps were invented, people formed “bucket brigades” to fight fires. They stood in lines from a well or river to the burning building, passing buckets of water from hand to hand to pour on the flames. This method required teamwork and quick action, but it was often not enough to stop large fires.
The damage caused by fire depends greatly on where it occurs. In the countryside or in small villages, a fire might destroy only one house or building. However, in crowded cities where buildings stand close together, fires can spread rapidly. Before modern firefighting systems were developed, entire blocks or neighborhoods were sometimes destroyed before the flames could be controlled. Whether caused by water or fire, natural disasters remind us of the power of nature and the importance of preparation, safety measures, and community support in times of crisis.
Teks Explanation 7 (Evan)
Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel fuel. Unlike regular diesel, which is made from crude oil, biodiesel is produced from natural and renewable sources such as vegetable oils. Because it comes from plants, biodiesel is considered more environmentally friendly. It produces fewer harmful emissions and can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels. For these reasons, biodiesel has become an increasingly popular option in many countries around the world.
To manufacture biodiesel, certain raw materials are required. The main ingredients are vegetable oil and a small amount of methanol. The vegetable oil serves as the primary source of energy, while methanol is used in the chemical process that transforms the oil into fuel. In addition, a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, is needed to help speed up the reaction. These materials are relatively simple and widely available, which makes biodiesel production practical in many regions.
Various crops can be used to produce the vegetable oil needed for biodiesel. One of the most common sources is corn, but other plants such as rapeseed, soybeans, and flaxseed are also frequently used. The choice of crop often depends on the geographic location of the production facility and which plants grow best in that area. First, the harvested plants are processed to extract their oil. However, raw vegetable oil alone cannot be used directly in most diesel engines, so it must undergo further processing to become biodiesel.
The chemical process that converts vegetable oil into biodiesel is known as ester interchange, or transesterification. In this process, the vegetable oil is mixed with methanol in the presence of a small amount of an alkaline catalyst, usually about 0.5% to 1% sodium hydroxide. Vegetable oil is made up of molecules called triglycerides, which consist of one glycerin molecule attached to three fatty acids. During the reaction, the glycerin is separated from the fatty acids and replaced with methanol molecules.
The result of this chemical reaction is a mixture that contains approximately 90% biodiesel and 10% glycerin as a byproduct. The biodiesel portion can be refined and used as fuel in diesel engines, either on its own or blended with petroleum diesel. The glycerin byproduct is not wasted; it can be used in other industries to produce products such as soaps, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Through this efficient process, biodiesel provides a renewable energy source while also creating useful secondary products.
Teks Explanation 8 (Lemince)
The sense of taste is one of the five basic senses of the human body. It allows us to enjoy food and detect whether something is safe or harmful to eat. We taste with the help of tiny structures on our tongue called taste buds. These taste buds contain special sensory cells that react to different flavors. Without the sense of taste, eating would be far less enjoyable and much more difficult.
There are four main types of taste: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Every flavor we experience is a combination of two or more of these basic tastes. For example, many fruits taste both sweet and sour, while certain foods may taste salty and slightly bitter at the same time. These four basic tastes form the foundation of all the flavors we recognize in our daily lives.
The surface of the tongue contains more than fifteen thousand taste buds. Each taste bud is connected to the brain by special sensory nerves. When the tongue comes into contact with food, the taste buds detect the chemical substances in it. They immediately send messages through the nerves to the brain. Within just a few seconds, the brain interprets these signals, and we become aware of the taste of the food.
There are four kinds of taste buds, and each type is most sensitive to a particular taste. These groups are located in different areas of the tongue. Taste buds that detect sweet and salty flavors are mainly found near the tip of the tongue and along its sides. Sour tastes are sensed mostly along the sides, while bitter tastes are detected at the back of the tongue. Although different areas are more sensitive to certain tastes, taste buds are spread across much of the tongue’s surface.
Other senses, such as smell and sight, also influence how we experience taste. The pleasant smell of food can enhance its flavor, while an unpleasant odor can reduce our enjoyment of it. Similarly, attractive colors can make food look more delicious and appealing. On the other hand, food that looks dull or smells bad may not seem tasty at all. Temperature also affects taste. Extremely hot or very cold foods can temporarily numb the taste buds, making it difficult to detect flavors properly.
Teks Explanation 9 (Yander)
Silkworms have a very short life after laying eggs, surviving for only two or three days. During this brief time, a female silkworm moth lays between 36,000 and 50,000 eggs. These eggs are carefully collected and stored at silkworm farms under controlled conditions until they are ready to hatch. When the eggs hatch, tiny caterpillars emerge. These caterpillars feed mainly on mulberry leaves, which provide the nutrients they need to grow quickly. After a period of feeding and growth, the caterpillars prepare to spin their cocoons.
Not all caterpillars are able to produce silk. Only the caterpillars of a specific moth species known as Bombyx mori have the ability to spin silk suitable for commercial use. These special caterpillars possess silk glands that produce a liquid protein. The liquid silk is secreted through an opening in the lower lip of the caterpillar. As the liquid comes into contact with air, it hardens into very fine, strong strands of silk.
Using these silk strands, the caterpillar carefully spins a cocoon around itself. It moves its head in a figure-eight motion, releasing a continuous thread that gradually forms a protective covering. The outer layers of the cocoon are usually rough and coarse, helping to protect the insect inside. The inner layers, however, are much softer and smoother. Inside this cocoon, the caterpillar transforms into a pupa as part of its life cycle.
In silk production, some of the fully spun cocoons are exposed to heat. This process kills the pupa inside to prevent it from breaking the silk thread when emerging as a moth. The cocoons are then placed in hot water to soften and loosen the silk fibers. After soaking, the fine threads are carefully unwound, or reeled, from the cocoon. This step requires skill, as the thread is extremely delicate yet very long.
Remarkably, a single cocoon can produce an unbroken silk thread measuring about one and a half kilometers in length. To create strong and usable silk yarn, several of these fine threads are twisted together. The combined threads are then woven into beautiful silk fabrics used for clothing and other products. Through this careful and detailed process, the tiny silkworm plays a major role in producing one of the world’s most luxurious natural fibers
Teks Explanation 10 (Ina)
A cell phone is one of the most important gadgets in the modern world. It has changed the way people communicate and connect with each other. In simple terms, a cell phone is a type of radio device that allows people to communicate in real time, no matter where they are. Millions of people around the world use cell phones every day. Today, cell phones are not only used for voice calls, but also for sending text messages, browsing the internet, sharing data, and using various digital applications.
The development of the cell phone was made possible by earlier inventions in communication technology. Alexander Graham Bell made a major breakthrough in 1876 when he invented the telephone, allowing people to speak to each other over long distances through wires. Later, in 1894, wireless radio communication was formally introduced by Guglielmo Marconi. By combining the principles of the telephone and wireless radio technology, scientists and engineers eventually developed the cellular phone, which allows wireless voice communication over large areas.
But how exactly does a cell phone work? A cell phone, or cellular telephone, works by sending and receiving radio signals. When you speak into a cell phone, your voice is converted into electronic signals. These signals are then transmitted as radio waves to a nearby cellular tower. The tower acts as a base station, receiving the signal and forwarding it through a network system. This system connects multiple towers to a central switching station.
The central switching station plays an important role in directing calls. It handles calls within a specific geographic area and connects them either to another cell phone user or to someone using a traditional wired telephone system. The connection between towers and switching stations may use wires, fiber-optic cables, or microwave links. In this way, your voice travels quickly across networks until it reaches the person you are calling.
Cellular towers vary in their capacity and coverage area. Some towers can only receive signals from short distances, while others cover much wider areas. In most cities and populated regions, there is more than one tower to ensure good signal strength and to handle heavy telephone traffic. Having multiple towers helps prevent network congestion and allows millions of people to communicate smoothly at the same time. Through this complex yet efficient system, cell phones make instant communication possible across the world.
Teks Explanation 11 (Lenny 1)
A kite is an object made from a light material stretched tightly over a frame, usually constructed from thin wood, plastic, or fiberglass. Because the materials are lightweight, the kite can be easily lifted by the wind. When a kite is tilted at the correct angle into the wind, air moves around it in a way that allows it to rise off the ground. The person flying the kite controls this angle by holding and adjusting the string, which helps the kite stay balanced and stable in the air.
A kite uses the power of the wind to make it fly, even though it is heavier than air. Unlike a balloon, which floats because it is filled with a gas lighter than air, a kite depends entirely on moving air to create lift. As long as there is enough wind, the kite can remain in the sky. If the wind stops blowing, the kite will slowly lose lift and fall back to the ground.
When wind travels toward the surface of the kite, it splits into two streams of air. One stream moves over the top surface of the kite, while the other flows underneath it. The shape and angle of the kite cause these two streams to move at different speeds. This difference in airflow plays an important role in helping the kite rise higher into the sky.
The air moving over the top of the kite creates an area of lower pressure, while the air underneath creates an area of higher pressure because it hits the kite at a shallow angle. The high-pressure air pushes upward against the kite, and the low-pressure air above creates a slight pulling effect. The combination of this push from below and pull from above produces enough upward force, known as lift, to overcome gravity and raise the kite into the air.
Kites have been known for thousands of years and were first developed in ancient civilizations such as China. In the past, they were used for military signaling, measuring distances, and even scientific experiments. For example, kites helped scientists study weather and electricity. Today, kites are mostly used for leisure, art, and competition. Many people enjoy flying kites at parks and beaches, and there are even international kite festivals where enthusiasts display large and colorful designs.
Teks Explanation 12 (Lenny 2)
A geyser is the result of underground water being heated under the combined conditions of high temperatures and increased pressure beneath the surface of the Earth. As water from rain or melting snow seeps into cracks and fissures in the ground, it travels deep below the surface. Because temperature rises as depth increases—about one degree Fahrenheit for roughly every sixty feet—the water eventually reaches extremely hot rocks within the Earth’s interior. At great depths, the surrounding pressure prevents the water from boiling even when it reaches temperatures well above 290°F.
As the underground water continues to heat, it becomes superheated, meaning it is hotter than its normal boiling point but still in liquid form due to the intense pressure. Over time, steam begins to form in small amounts, and pressure builds inside the underground reservoir. When the pressure becomes too great for the surrounding rock to contain, some of the water suddenly flashes into steam. This rapid expansion forces the column of water above it upward through a narrow opening in the ground.
The sudden release of pressure causes the hot water and steam to shoot out of the Earth’s surface in a dramatic burst. The result is a geyser eruption, which can send boiling water and steam high into the air. After the eruption, the system resets itself as cooler groundwater flows back down through underground channels to refill the reservoir. The cycle of heating, pressure buildup, and eruption then begins again.
In order to function, a geyser must have several key features. First, there must be a strong source of heat, usually from volcanic activity beneath the surface. Second, there must be an underground reservoir where water can collect and be heated until it reaches an unstable temperature. Third, a narrow opening or vent must allow the hot water and steam to escape. Finally, a system of underground channels must exist to resupply water after each eruption so the process can continue.
Favorable conditions for geysers exist in only a few regions of the world, including New Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National Park area of the United States. The most famous geyser in the world is Old Faithful. Old Faithful erupts at regular intervals, usually about every hour, sending water 125 to 170 feet into the air and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption. Its predictable eruptions make it one of the most popular natural attractions for visitors.
We all agree that the snowfall is always fascinating. In the snowfall, all people stay out of the house and play with the snow. People can make giant snowmen, trample along the snow, or play with snowballs with their families. However, are you curious about how snow is made?
Snow is water droplets falling from the clouds. These droplet waters then become solid and create snow. It happens because rain consists of water vapor particles being cooled in the air.
Snow happens when water vapor piled up in the earth’s atmosphere freezes. It happens before they turn into water droplets. This process occurs when the temperature in the cloud becomes very frigid.
Snowflakes are created by crystals of ice that have established around a little filth in the air. They then grow from small forms into big one. The form of snowflakes is varied. They can consist of 200 crystals maximum.
People in the world are shocked by the emergence of COVID-19. This virus becomes a pandemic that has contaminated people all around the world. What is COVID-19? COVID-19 is a very infectious disease caused by a new kind of coronavirus. Is it dangerous? How can it spread to humans?
Firstly, the virus is supposed to spread primarily from person to person. These viruses can spread between persons who are in contact approximately in about 6 feet.
Secondly, COVID-19 can also range via respiratory dewdrops produced while an infected person coughs or sneezes. These drops can land in the noses or mouths of persons who are nearby. Or they can feasibly be inhaled into the lungs.
Thirdly, it is spread by any human interaction with infected objects or surfaces. It may be likely that a person can catch up COVID-19 by touching objects devouring the virus. Then they drop the virus into their own nose, mouth, or eyes.
How easily a virus blowout from person to person can vary. These viruses are highly spreadable. Therefore, we have to be alert and keep following health protocols.
14
How Plane Can Fly?
Now, almost every day we see planes flying above. Inside, there are hundreds of people sitting, walking, and even running. Have you ever wondered why such a heavy metal object can float so freely in the air? How can airplanes fly like birds?
Do you know that airplanes can generate energy? That is why this object can fly, because of the force. Such a force, scientifically called a Lift, can move an airplane upward. How come?
There are mainly four forces that contribute to flying an airplane. They are Weight, Thrust, Drag, and Lift. How do those work? First, to move an airplane forward, the Thrust created by the engines must be greater than the force produced by the air resistance called Drag.
Second, to move the airplane upward, it needs enough forward motion. The airplane can only fly if the force of Lift is much greater than in Weight. This process can push an airplane to fly.
15
As we know now, global warming which is happening right now has a very big impact on natural conditions, animals, and humans. Well, do you know how global warming which has a particularly serious impact on life happens? To know the process of how this phenomenon occurs, see the following explanation.
The process starts when sunlight shines on the earth where most of the heat is absorbed by the earth and a half of it is reflected back onto the air (atmosphere). Sunshine returning to the air is trapped by gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, water vapor, and so on. This event is known as the greenhouse effect.
Solar radiation on the earth's atmosphere makes the ozone layer get thinner and makes the sunlight that shines on the Earth become hotter. The greenhouse effect also causes the sunlight which is reflected back onto space is reflected back into the earth. This phenomenon causes the earth continuously get hotter. This condition is known as global warming.
Snow Formation
Within the realm of meteorology, the formation of snow is a complex process rooted in the interplay of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric conditions. It commences when supercooled water droplets freeze onto ice nuclei, forming ice crystals. These crystals then undergo further growth through the accretion of water vapor. As these intricate ice structures fall through the atmosphere, they accumulate additional moisture, resulting in the unique and varied snowflakes that grace our winter l2andscapes. Understanding the intricacies of snow formation provides insights into regional climates and weather patterns.
16
How Vaccine Works
Vaccines operate as sophisticated biological tools, training the immune system to recognize and combat specific pathogens. They typically contain harmless fragments or inactivated forms of the targeted virus or bacteria. Upon vaccination, the immune system generates a response, producing antibodies and memory cells tailored to the pathogen. In subsequent encounters with the actual infectious agent, the immune system can mount a swift and effective defense, preventing or mitigating the severity of the disease. The efficacy of vaccines relies on the orchestrated interaction of immune cells, antibodies, and memory responses.
17
Photosynthesis
Amidst the intricate dance of nature, photosynthesis emerges as a solar alchemy, transforming sunlight into the essential sustenance for plant life. Chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplasts, orchestrates a symphony of biochemical reactions, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose. This transformative process not only fuels the vitality of plants but also releases life-enabling oxygen into our atmosphere. In contemplating this botanical marvel, we gain insights into the foundational role of photosynthesis in sustaining life on Earth. Appreciating the solar alchemy of photosynthesis unveils the ingenious design of nature, where sunlight becomes the catalyst for life’s sustenance.
18
Global Warming: Earth’s Climate in Flux
Within the dynamic narrative of Earth’s climate, global warming emerges as a pivotal chapter, driven by the escalating concentrations of greenhouse gasses. Human activities, notably the combustion of fossil fuels, intensify the greenhouse effect, leading to a rise in average global temperatures. The consequences manifest in altered weather patterns, rising sea levels, and ecological disruptions. As we navigate this shifting climate canvas, understanding the scientific intricacies of global warming becomes paramount in fostering resilience and mitigating its widespread impact.
19
Floods
Nature’s hydrological ballet unfolds in the form of floods, where excessive rainfall or river overflow transforms landscapes in a choreography of dynamic forces. These inundations, while crucial for ecosystem renewal, pose substantial risks to human settlements. Delving into the hydrodynamics of floods not only enhances our predictive capabilities but also underscores the need for adaptive strategies in managing these unpredictable surges.
20
The Dynamics of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are seismic events characterized by the sudden release of energy within the Earth’s crust. Most earthquakes occur along tectonic plate boundaries, where these massive plates interact. The energy accumulated from the gradual movement of these plates is released in the form of seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. The magnitude and impact of an earthquake depend on factors like depth, fault type, and the amount of accumulated stress. Understanding these geological phenomena is crucial for assessing seismic risk and implementing effective earthquake-resistant structures.
21
The Formation of Tornadoes
Tornadoes, formidable columns of rotating air extending from thunderstorms to the ground, are spawned by the collision of warm, moist air with cold, dry air. This collision creates a vertically rotating column, or vortex, within a thunderstorm. When this vortex descends to the ground, it forms a tornado. The Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale categorizes tornadoes based on their wind speeds and the resulting damage. Tornado-prone regions, such as Tornado Alley in the central United States, necessitate advanced warning systems and preparedness measures to mitigate the destructive impact of these atmospheric phenomena.
22
Enchanting Aurora Phenomenon
Auroras, also known as the Northern and Southern Lights, are luminous displays in the Earth’s polar regions resulting from the interaction of charged particles with the planet’s magnetic field. Solar wind, composed of charged particles ejected from the Sun, collides with the Earth’s magnetosphere. This collision energizes atmospheric gasses, causing them to emit light. The mesmerizing colors of the auroras, predominantly greens, reds, and blues, depend on the type of gas particles involved. Studying these celestial phenomena not only enhances our understanding of Earth’s magnetosphere but also contributes to space weather research.
23
The Process of Lunar Eclipse
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes directly between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the lunar surface. This alignment prompts three primary phases: the penumbral phase, the partial phase, and the total phase. During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon can take on a reddish hue, commonly referred to as a “blood moon,” due to Earth’s atmosphere filtering and refracting sunlight onto the lunar surface. Lunar eclipses are celestial events that provide astronomers and skywatchers with opportunities to study the properties of Earth’s atmosphere and the geometry of our solar system.
24
Science Behind Rainbows
Rainbows, colorful arcs of light appearing in the sky after rainfall, result from the dispersion, reflection, and refraction of sunlight in water droplets. As sunlight enters a raindrop, it refracts, reflects off the inside surface, and exits through the opposite side. This process separates the sunlight into its component colors, creating the spectrum observed in a rainbow. Double rainbows may occur when light undergoes multiple internal reflections. Understanding the physics of rainbows not only illuminates atmospheric optics but also provides insights into the interaction between light and water droplets in the Earth’s atmosphere.
25
Explanation Text Tsunami
What Causes a Tsunami?
Tsunamis, colossal oceanic waves, originate primarily from underwater seismic activity. The sudden displacement of tectonic plates, often caused by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides, results in a vertical movement of the ocean floor. This vertical shift imparts energy to the water column above, creating a series of powerful waves that propagate across the ocean. The devastating impact of tsunamis on coastal areas underscores the importance of monitoring and understanding these geological phenomena for early warning systems and disaster preparedness.
26
Explanation Text About Social Phenomena
Social Stratification: Layers of Societal Hierarchy
In the intricate fabric of societies worldwide, social stratification emerges as a pervasive phenomenon. This hierarchical arrangement of individuals is structured based on various factors, including wealth, education, and social standing. The stratification perpetuates unequal access to resources and opportunities, contributing to the establishment of distinct societal classes. Understanding the nuances of social stratification unveils the complexities of societal dynamics and prompts critical reflections on equity and justice.
27
In-Group/Out-Group Dynamics: Psychology of Social Categorization
Within the realm of social psychology, in-group/out-group dynamics shape interpersonal interactions and societal structures. This psychological phenomenon involves individuals categorizing others as belonging to either their “in-group” or the “out-group”. The implications are far-reaching, influencing attitudes, biases, and even societal prejudices. Examining the intricacies of in-group/out-group dynamics offers insights into the roots of discrimination and the challenges of fostering inclusivity in diverse communities.
28
Wayang Kulit
Originating in the heart of Java, Wayang Kulit stands as an illustrious form of shadow puppetry that transcends entertainment to become a cultural emblem. The meticulously crafted leather puppets, deftly maneuvered against an illuminated screen, unfold sagas from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. This traditional art form, a harmonious blend of narrative and visual arts, not only captivates audiences but also encapsulates Indonesia’s rich cultural tapestry, showcasing the country’s historical, artistic, and storytelling prowess.
29
Batik Tulis
Batik Tulis, a masterpiece in the realm of Indonesian textile art, is a laborious yet captivating process involving the meticulous hand-painting of intricate patterns using a tool called “canting.” Originating in Java, this art form is a canvas of cultural richness, where each stroke tells a narrative. The wax-resist dyeing method employed in Batik Tulis not only creates vibrant and unique patterns but also serves as a testament to the country’s deep-rooted cultural expressions, connecting generations through its symbolic motifs.
30
How Seawater Becomes Salty
General Statement:
Two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, and 97% of that is salty seawater. Only 3% of our planet’s water is fresh such as water in rivers, lake, and streams. This fresh water plays a big role in explaining how the sea becomes salty. Water moves around our planet in a cycle powered by the sun: from the sea, to the sky, to the land and then back to the sea.
Explanation:
When the sun heats the water in the sea, it changes into gas called water vapour and rises into the air, through a process called evaporation. After that, the water vapour turns back into liquid water while floating in the air, forming clouds through a process called condensation. Then this water eventually falls from the clouds in the sky as rain, sleet, hail or snow in which the process is also called precipitation. When these flows into streams and rivers, and eventually makes its way back to the sea.
Furthermore, the rain that falls from the sky contains small amounts of chemicals called carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide which makes the rain slightly acidic. This acid can absorb small amounts of mineral salts, including sodium and chloride. These mineral salts are dissolved from the rocks which then enter the water.
Conclusion:
Thus, the main salt in seawater is sodium chloride. The rain water flows off the land and into the rivers and streams that lead all the way to the sea, carrying the dissolved salts along with it that makes the seawater salty.
31
A tsunami occurs when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves spread out from the vicinity of the earthquake source and move across the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they reach the continental shelf, the part of the earth's crust that slopes, or rises, from the ocean floor up to the land.
A tsunami washes ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and damage to property.
A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling wave grows very large.
Part 3 Dialogue
Dialog 1:
Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia 2004
Sara: Hey, Mike! Did you know about the tsunami that hit Indonesia in 2004?
Mike: Yes, I did. It was devastating for the people in Aceh.
Sara: What happened exactly?
Mike: Well, The tsunami in Aceh was triggered by a huge undersea earthquake. It created a series of huge waves and everything in their path.
Sara: That’s terrible!
Mike: Yeah. The tsunami in Aceh killed more than 200,000 people, and left many thousands more homeless and without basic amenities like food and water. It was a huge tragedy.
Sara: I can only imagine how awful it must have been for the people who were affected by it.
Mike: Absolutely. It was one of the worst natural disasters in recent history. Thankfully, a lot of aid organizations stepped in to help the survivors.
Sara: That’s great to hear. It definitely shows the power of human kindness in challenging times.
Mike: Absolutely!
Dialog 2:
Tsunami in Japan 2011
Dina: Hey, Jane. What are you reading?
Jane: I’m reading the news about the earthquake in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The earthquake was 5.8 on the Richter scale.
Dina: Wow, that’s a lot of destruction.
Jane: Yeah, the earthquake in Sukabumi reminded me the Tsunami in Japan.
Dina: Yes, they said the Tsunami was nearly 40 meters in height.
Jane: You are right. Thanks to god! I was on vacation in Japan when the tsunami hit the coast. I still remember the fear and nervousness that was in the air. (
Dina: Really? Were you in Japan when the tsunami struck?
Jane: Yes, I was. It was an unforgettable experience. Dina: Wow, that must have been terrifying. How did you survive?
Jane: Well, luckily I was far enough away that I felt the brunt of it.
Dina: That’s amazing. I’m so glad you are safe.
Dialog 3:
Tsunami in Thailand 2004
John: Hey, Bob! Have you heard about the tsunami that hit Thailand in 2004?
Bob: Yes, I heard about it. It was one of the most devastating natural disasters that ever happened in South-East Asia.
John: Yes, the Tsunami was so powerful that it destroyed many villages and killed thousands of people.
Bob: It’s really hard to imagine the destruction that was left by the tsunami.
John: Yes, I’ve seen some pictures of the aftermath. It’s really heartbreaking to see how much destruction it caused in Thailand.
Bob: Yes, indeed. It was a tragedy that will stay in history forever.
John: Yes, it’s a reminder that we have to be prepared for natural disasters.
Bob: Yes, that is true. We must always be prepared for the unexpected.
Dialog 1
A: Hello! Nice to meet you. I’m Alice.
B: Nice to meet you too, Alice. I’m Bob. Where do you come from?
A: I’m from Indonesia. Do you know that country?
B: Indonesia! That’s a long way from New York. I think I saw your country on the news a few days back because it just had an earthquake?
A: Yes, there was a pretty huge earthquake a few days ago. It reached from Jakarta all the way to Bandung. People were pretty shocked then because the big cities rarely ever felt an earthquake that big.
B: But was there any casualties because of the earthquake?
A: Thankfully, no. Everyone was safe and sound.
B: I’m glad to hear that.
Dialog 2
A: Have you heard of this tsunami news on Japan?
B: I read about it this morning. It was devastating! I couldn’t imagine being a Japanese citizens right now. Most of the cities near the beach got flooded around 5 meters high because of the tsunami.
A: I know! It’s so scary to even think about it. I heard there are some casualties too
B: Well that’s no surprise, seeing the sudden rise of sea level. The citizens had no time to save themselves.
A: It’s really saddening to think about.
Dialog 3
A: Excuse me, Ma’am! I don’t think you should go down that road.
B: Why is that?
A: There was a landslide yesterday right In the middle of that road. The locals are still trying to take care of it until this morning. Maybe you could take another road instead.
B: Is it common to have a landslide around here?
A: During the drought season, no. But lately the rainy season has come and made it more easier for a landslide to happen. You should always be careful on the road.
B: Alright, thank you for your information. I will look for another way around.
Dialogur 5 waste
Andrew: Do you recycle?
Berto: No, I just throw everything in one trash can.
Andrew: Why don't you recycle?
Berto: I don't know. I don't think recycling is doing much.
Andrew: What do you mean?
Berto: A lot of our recycling is being burned or shipped abroad to developing countries.
Andrew: That is true, but not all of it is being burned or shipped away.
Berto: Maybe. I just don't want to waste my time with sorting trash when it doesn't get recycled anyways.
Andrew: But if nobody recycles, nothing will ever change.
Berto: Maybe you're right.
Andrew : I think you should start recycling!
Berto : I will think about it. I guess doing nothing will change nothing.
Dialog 6
A: Have you heard the news? We have to evacuate now, there is a tornado on the way here.
B: Are you serious? This is why I don’t like living in this region. We just had a tornado last month!
A: I know, I don’t like living here too. But you’d have to be grateful because last year when I lived here alone, there was even a flood and a tornado at the same time. Be grateful it’s only tornadoes now!
B: Alright, alright. Now we have to hurry up and evacuate ourselves. Thank God you still watch the news.
waste
A: Can you tell me where we are supposed to take our trash?
B: Put it in the dumpster next to that stairway.
A: What day do they pick the trash up?
B: They empty the trash every Wednesday.
A: Are we supposed to mix our recyclables in, or sort them?
B: We are supposed to sort our recyclables.
A: Is there a special container for recyclables?
B: You should have a blue container in your kitchen. Empty that into the blue bin downstairs.
A: What about plant material?
B: Anything that can be composted goes into the bin with the green lid.
Part 4 QnA
A) Essay (For Mid test)
Text 1 Acid Rain
Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.
Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain lakes, for example, have lost all fish and plant life because of acid rain.
Acid rain comes from sulfur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulfur dioxide (SO2 ). Most sulfur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) and most nitrogen are also emitted as one of the nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2 ), both of which are gasses. The gasses may be dry depositedabsorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the atmosphere for anytime, the gasses will oxidize (gain an oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3 ). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as acid rain.
Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium help promote the formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4 ) can be formed when some of the acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia (NH3 ). Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by, for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low-level ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the formation of acid rain.
When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminum (Al). When it is washed into lakes, aluminum irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil microorganisms.
1. What is acid rain and how does it differ from normal rain?
Acid rain is rainfall that contains high levels of acidity due to the presence of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. While normal rain is slightly acidic with a pH of about 6, acid rain can have a pH as low as 2.8. This increased acidity makes it harmful to living organisms and the environment. The difference in pH shows that acid rain is significantly more acidic than natural rainwater.
The main causes of acid rain are sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere. These pollutants come primarily from the burning of coal and oil. When these fossil fuels are burned in factories and power plants, they release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂) into the air. These gases react with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form acids, which later fall as acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is produced when coal and oil containing sulfur are burned. Most sulfur leaves factory chimneys as gaseous sulfur dioxide. In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide oxidizes and reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). This acid dissolves in cloud droplets and eventually falls to the ground as acid rain.
Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO₂) are released mainly from industrial processes and vehicle exhausts. These gases react with oxygen in the atmosphere and dissolve in water to form nitric acid (HNO₃). Like sulfuric acid, nitric acid becomes part of cloud droplets and later falls as acid rain.
Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere and undergo oxidation. Oxidation occurs when these gases gain oxygen atoms. Sulfur dioxide becomes sulfuric acid, and nitrogen oxides form nitric acid. These acids dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel long distances before falling to Earth as acid rain.
Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium help speed up the chemical reactions that form acids in clouds. These substances promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, making the formation of sulfuric and nitric acids more efficient. As a result, they increase the production of acid rain.
Airborne ammonia (NH₃) can react with acids in the atmosphere and partially neutralize them, forming ammonium (NH₄⁺). However, even though partial neutralization occurs, acidification still increases due to the presence of active hydrogen ions (H⁺). Therefore, ammonia influences but does not completely prevent acid rain formation.
Hydrocarbons released from car exhausts react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. This reaction produces ozone at ground level. Although ozone is useful in the upper atmosphere, low-level ozone contributes to respiratory problems and speeds up the chemical reactions that form acid rain.
The acids formed in the atmosphere dissolve in cloud droplets. These clouds can be carried by wind over great distances before releasing precipitation. As a result, acid rain can fall far away from the original source of pollution, affecting regions that may not produce large amounts of pollutants themselves.
Acid rain lowers the pH of lakes and rivers, making the water more acidic. Increased acidity can kill fish and aquatic plants. In some cases, entire lakes have lost all fish and plant life. Acid rain also releases aluminum into the water, which harms fish by irritating their outer surfaces.
When acid rain enters lakes, it releases aluminum from the soil into the water. Aluminum irritates the outer surfaces of fish and can damage their gills. This makes it difficult for fish to breathe and survive. As a result, fish populations may decline or disappear completely.
Acid rain damages forests in several ways. It harms leaves, reducing their ability to perform photosynthesis. It also causes the loss of essential nutrients from the soil. Additionally, acid rain releases toxic metals that damage tree roots and soil microorganisms, weakening the trees and making them more vulnerable to disease.
When acid rain falls on the ground, it dissolves and releases heavy metals and aluminum from the soil. These toxic substances can harm plant roots and beneficial soil microorganisms. Furthermore, acid rain removes important nutrients from the soil, reducing its fertility and negatively affecting plant growth.
Low-level ozone is harmful because it causes respiratory problems in humans and accelerates the formation of acid rain. While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation, ozone near the ground contributes to pollution and environmental damage.
pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. The lower the pH value, the more acidic the substance. Normal rain has a pH of about 6, while acid rain can have a pH as low as 2.8. The increase in hydrogen ions (H⁺) in rainwater causes this high acidity, making acid rain harmful to ecosystems.
Dry deposition occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides settle directly onto land, lakes, or vegetation without being dissolved in rain. These gases can later react with water on surfaces to form acids, contributing to environmental damage even without rainfall.
Acid rain increases soil acidity, which causes heavy metals and aluminum to dissolve more easily. These toxic substances are then released into water bodies or absorbed by plant roots. This process damages plants, aquatic life, and soil organisms.
Acid rain removes essential nutrients from the soil, such as those needed for healthy plant growth. Without these nutrients, plants become weak and less resistant to environmental stress. This nutrient loss significantly harms agricultural crops and forests.
The environmental consequences of acid rain include the destruction of aquatic ecosystems, forest damage, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Lakes may lose fish and plant life, forests may weaken and die, and soil fertility may decline. These combined effects disrupt entire ecosystems.
Acid rain is considered a serious environmental problem because it affects air, water, soil, plants, animals, and even human health. It can travel long distances, impact ecosystems far from pollution sources, and cause long-term environmental damage. Its widespread and harmful effects make it a global concern.
Text 2 chocolate
Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article well enter the amazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what youre eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the trees seeds, also known as cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. Its pure bitter chocolate.
1. Where does chocolate originally come from?
Chocolate originally comes from the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions of the world, particularly in South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The process of making chocolate begins with harvesting the fruit of the cacao tree, which contains cocoa beans. These beans are the main ingredient used to produce chocolate.
The cacao tree is a tropical tree that produces the fruit used to make chocolate. It grows mainly in equatorial regions where the climate is warm and humid. Countries in South America, Africa, and Indonesia are well known for cultivating cacao trees because their climates are ideal for its growth.
The fruit of the cacao tree is about the size of a small pineapple. Inside this fruit are seeds known as cocoa beans. These beans are the essential raw material for chocolate production. Without these seeds, chocolate could not be made.
Cocoa beans are the seeds found inside the fruit of the cacao tree. They are important because they are the primary ingredient in chocolate production. After processing, these beans are transformed into chocolate products enjoyed around the world.
The first step after harvesting is fermentation. The beans are fermented for about a week. This process helps develop the flavor of the beans and prepares them for the next stages of drying and roasting.
After fermentation, cocoa beans are dried in the sun to remove moisture. Drying helps preserve the beans and prevents them from spoiling. It also improves their flavor and makes them ready for shipping to chocolate makers.
Once the beans arrive at the chocolate factory, they are roasted. Roasting brings out the flavor of the beans and enhances their aroma. This step is essential for developing the rich taste associated with chocolate.
Beans from different regions have different qualities and flavors. Therefore, they are sorted and blended to create a distinctive and balanced flavor. Blending allows chocolate makers to produce specific tastes and maintain consistent quality.
Winnowing is the process of removing the outer shell from the cacao bean. This step separates the edible inner part, called the nib, from the shell. The nib is the valuable part used to make chocolate.
Cacao nibs are the inner parts of the cacao bean after the shell has been removed. These nibs contain the rich chocolate flavor and are used in the next stage of chocolate production. They are ground and processed to make chocolate liquor.
After blending, the nibs are ground into a thick liquid. Grinding releases the fat inside the nibs, which causes the mixture to become smooth and liquid. This liquid is known as chocolate liquor.
Chocolate liquor is the liquid formed when ground cacao nibs release their fat. Despite its name, it does not contain alcohol. It is pure, bitter chocolate in liquid form and serves as the base for all chocolate products.
Chocolate liquor tastes bitter because it is pure chocolate without added sugar or milk. It contains only ground cacao nibs, which naturally have a strong and slightly bitter flavor.
Ground cacao nibs form a liquid because cacao beans contain a large amount of fat. In fact, cacao beans are about half fat. When the nibs are ground, the fat is released, turning the solid pieces into a smooth liquid.
Fermentation improves the quality of chocolate by developing the flavor of the cocoa beans. During this process, chemical changes occur that reduce bitterness and enhance the chocolate’s final taste.
Roasting is important because it enhances the flavor and aroma of the beans. It brings out the rich chocolate taste and prepares the beans for further processing, such as winnowing and grinding.
Cacao beans grown in different regions have unique characteristics due to differences in climate and soil. As a result, chocolate made from beans from different places can have distinct flavors. Chocolate makers blend beans to achieve desired taste profiles.
Chocolate production begins with harvesting cacao fruit from the cacao tree. The beans inside are fermented for about a week, then dried in the sun. After drying, they are shipped to chocolate makers, roasted, sorted, and blended. The shells are removed through winnowing, and the nibs are ground into a liquid called chocolate liquor. This liquid is pure bitter chocolate and forms the base for chocolate products.
Chocolate liquor is considered pure chocolate because it contains only ground cacao nibs without any added ingredients. It is the most natural form of processed chocolate and has a strong, bitter taste.
From this process, we learn that chocolate production involves several careful steps, including fermentation, drying, roasting, winnowing, blending, and grinding. Each step is essential in developing the flavor and texture of chocolate. The journey from cacao tree to chocolate liquor shows how much work is involved in producing the chocolate we enjoy every day.
Text 3 Recycling
Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products.
In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.
Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil.
The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.
Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).
1. What is recycling and why is it important?
Recycling is the process of collecting, processing, and reusing materials that would otherwise be thrown away. It is important because it helps conserve natural resources, reduce pollution, and save energy. By recycling materials such as paper, glass, and plastic, we reduce the need to produce new raw materials, which benefits the environment.
Many types of materials can be recycled, ranging from precious metals and broken glass to old newspapers and plastic spoons. Paper products, cardboard, wrapping paper, and office paper are also recyclable. Recycling allows these materials to be reused in the production of new items.
Using recycled materials to make new products requires less energy than producing goods from new raw materials. Manufacturing from raw materials often involves mining, cutting trees, and heavy processing, which consume large amounts of energy. Recycling reduces these steps and therefore saves energy.
Recycling reduces pollution by lowering the demand for high-pollution manufacturing processes. It also minimizes the amount of waste sent to landfills and reduces emissions produced during production. As a result, recycling helps protect air, water, and soil from contamination.
Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, office paper, and newspapers. Among these, newsprint is the most commonly recycled paper product because newspapers are widely used and easily collected.
The first step in newspaper recycling is collecting old newspapers. After collection, they are carefully checked for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. Removing these unwanted materials ensures the recycling process runs smoothly.
At the processing plant, the collected paper is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp. This process takes place in a large machine that functions like a kitchen blender. The result is a soft, wet pulp made from paper fibers.
After the paper is turned into pulp, it is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. This cleaning process ensures that impurities are separated from the usable paper fibers before further processing.
The pulp is placed into a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and floats to the surface. The ink is then skimmed off the top. This step cleans the pulp and prepares it for reuse.
The ink that is skimmed off during the recycling process is not wasted. It can be dried and reused as ink again, or it can be burned as boiler fuel. This ensures that even the ink is put to good use.
After cleaning, the pulp is mixed with new wood fibers. This mixture is then processed to produce new paper products. Combining recycled fibers with new ones helps maintain the quality and strength of the paper.
Experts estimate that the average office worker generates about 5 kilograms of wastepaper per month. This amount shows the importance of recycling paper in workplaces to reduce waste and protect the environment.
Recycling paper reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills. Every ton of recycled paper saves about 1.4 cubic meters (approximately 50 cubic feet) of landfill space. This helps extend the lifespan of landfills and reduces environmental problems.
Recycling one ton of paper saves approximately 17 pulpwood trees. These trees would otherwise be cut down to produce new paper. By recycling, we help conserve forests and protect natural habitats.
Newsprint is the most commonly recycled paper product because newspapers are widely distributed and used daily. They are easy to collect in large quantities, making them ideal for recycling programs.
Recycling paper helps reduce deforestation, conserve energy, decrease pollution, and save landfill space. It also reduces the need for raw materials and protects ecosystems. Overall, recycling paper contributes significantly to environmental sustainability.
Paper recycling begins with collecting used paper and removing contaminants. The paper is mixed with hot water to form pulp. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove impurities. Ink is separated and skimmed off. Finally, the cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers and processed into new paper products.
Recycling often costs less because it reduces the need for raw material extraction, transportation, and heavy processing. Using recycled materials simplifies manufacturing and lowers energy consumption, resulting in reduced production costs.
Recycling supports sustainable development by conserving natural resources, reducing pollution, saving energy, and minimizing waste. It ensures that materials are reused rather than discarded, helping to meet present needs without harming future generations.
Individuals should participate in recycling programs because their actions directly reduce waste, save resources, and protect the environment. Simple efforts, such as recycling paper and plastic, can collectively make a significant positive impact on the planet.
B Multiple Choice
Teks Explanation 1
Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic, with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.
Acid rain can severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain lakes, for example, have lost all fish and plant life because of acid rain.
Acid rain comes from sulfur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulfur dioxide (SO2 ). Most sulfur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) and most nitrogen are also emitted as one of the nitrogen oxides (NO or NO2 ), both of which are gasses. The gasses may be dry depositedabsorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation. If they are in the atmosphere for anytime, the gasses will oxidize (gain an oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) and the nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3 ). The acids usually dissolve in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as acid rain.
Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium help promote the formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4 ) can be formed when some of the acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia (NH3 ). Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by, for example, car exhausts will react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is invaluable in the atmosphere, low-level ozone causes respiratory problems and also hastens the formation of acid rain.
When acid rain falls on the ground it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminum (Al). When it is washed into lakes, aluminum irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As acid rain falls or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital nutrients, and through the increased amounts of toxic metals liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil microorganisms.
1. What is the text mainly about?
A. The definition of acid rain
B. The process of acid rain
C. The effect of acid rain
D. Acid rain
E. Rain
Answer: D
2. The acid of normal rain is . then the acid rain
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Denser
D. Severer
E. The same
Answer: B
3. What is the result of the burning of the coal and oil?
A. Ammonium
B. Nitric acid
C. Sulphuric acid
D. Sulfur dioxide
E. Airborne ammonia
Answer: D
4. The sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides will . in the air.
A. Be absorbed directly by the vegetation
B. Dissolved in the lake water and land
C. Emit another sulfur gas
D. Radiate an oxygen atom
E. Gain an oxygen atom
Answer: E
5. Which of the following is not true about acid rain?
A. It contains lower pH than the normal rain
B. It has higher pH than the normal rain
C. It can damage animal and plant life
D. It contains dangerous gasses
E. It endangers water life
Answer: A
6. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To report the acid rain in general
B. To explain the process of acid rain
C. To persuade the reader to prevent acid rain
D. To discuss the danger of acid rain in the air
E. To present two different opinions on acid rain process
Answer: B
Teks Explanation 2
Have you ever wondered how people get chocolate from? In this article well enter the amazing world of chocolate so you can understand exactly what youre eating.
Chocolate starts with a tree called the cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in places such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruit are the trees seeds, also known as cocoa beans.
The beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun and then shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavor, so they are often sorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. Next, the roasted beans are winnowed. Winnowing removes the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then, the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter. All seeds contain some amount of fat, and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs form liquid. Its pure bitter chocolate.
7. The text is about
A. the cacao tree
B. the cacao beans
C. the raw chocolate
D. the making of chocolate
E. the flavour of chocolate
Answer: D
8. The third paragraph focuses on
A. the process of producing chocolate
B. how to produce the cocoa flavour
C. where chocolate comes from
D. the chocolate liquor
E. the cacao fruit
Answer: A
9. , so they are often sorted and blended to produce (Paragraph 3.) The word sorted is close in meaning to
A. arranged
B. combined
C. separated
D. distributed
E. organized
Answer: C
10. How does the chocolate maker start to make chocolate?
A. By fermenting the beans.
B. By roasting the beans
C. By blending the beans.
D. By sorting the beans.
E. By drying the beans
Answer: B
Teks Explanation 3
Recycling is a collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products.
In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process.
Paper products that can be recycled include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, and office paper. The most commonly recycled paper product is newsprint. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil.
The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp is screened and filtered to remove smaller contaminants. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and fl oats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again.
Experts estimate the average office worker generates about 5 kg of wastepaper per month. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves about 1.4 cu m (about 50 cu ft) of landfill space. One ton of recycled paper saves 17 pulpwood trees (trees used to produce paper).
11. The following things can be recycled, EXCEPT.
A. Precious metals
B. Broken glass
C. Old newspapers
D. Plastic spoons
E. Fresh vegetables and fruits
Answer: E
12. Which of the following is NOT the benefit of recycling?
A. It costs much money for the process of recycling
B. It costs less to make new products
C. It requires less energy
D. It can reduce pollution
E. It reduces the demand for high-pollution alternatives
Answer: E
13. What is the third step of recycling paper products?
A. Collect and search for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminium foil
B. Mix the paper with hot water in a blender which turns it into pulp
C. Screen and filter the pulp to remove smaller contaminants
D. Put the pulp to a large vat to separate the ink from the paper fibres
E. Mix the pulp with new wood fibres to be made into paper again
Answer: C
14. We can make use of the ink after being separated from the paper fibres by doing the followings, EXCEPT.
A. Skim it off
B. Dry it
C. Reuse as ink
D. Burn as boiler fuel
E. Mix it with the pulp
Answer: E
Teks Explanation 4
What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a food-making process that occurs in green plants. It is the chief function of leaves. The word photosynthesis means putting together with light. Green plants use energy from light to combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and other chemical compounds.
How is the light used in photosynthesis?
The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.
What are the steps of photosynthesis process?
Let me tell you the process of photosynthesis, in a series of complicated steps, the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air, forming a simple sugar. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process. From sugar together with nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.
15. What step after the hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide from the air
A. Photosynthesis provides the chemical energy that is needed to produced these compounds.
B. Water drawn form the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.
C. Food-making process that occurs in green plants.
D. Phosphorus from the soil-green plants can make starch, fat, protein, vitamins, and other complex compounds essential for life.
E. Oxygen from the water molecules is given off in the process.
Answer: E
16. What are photosynthesis need
A. Water, light, oxygen, worm
B. Soil, chlorophyll, sun, human
C. Bug, air, oxigen, food
D. Light, Carbon dioxide, humus
E. Candle, vitamins, hydrogen
Answer: D
17. What the product of photosynthesis
A. Sugar
B. Food and O2
C. Root
D. Food
E. Branch
Answer: B
18. What kind of the text
A. Narrative text
B. Hortatory text
C. Discussion text
D. Explanation text
E. Descriptive text
Answer: D
Teks Explanation 5
Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. Food is needed to built up new cells and replace the worn out cells. However, the food that we take must be changed into substances that can be carried in the blood to the places where they are needed. This process is called digestion.
The first digestive process takes place in the mouth. The food we eat is broken up into small pieces by the action of teeth, mixed with saliva, a juice secreted by glands in the mouth. Saliva contains digestive juice which moisten the food, so it can be swallowed easily.
From the mouth, food passes through the esophagus (the food passage) into the stomach. Here, the food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach for several hours. Then the food enters the small intestine. All the time the muscular walls of the intestine are squeezing, mixing and moving the food onwards.
In a few hours, the food changes into acids. These are soon absorbed by the villi (microscopic branch projections from the intestine walls) and passed into the bloodstream.
19. What is the text about?
A. The digestive system
B. The digestive juice
C. The method of the digestive system
D. The process of intestine work
E. The food substances
Answer: A
20. How can we swallow the food easily?
A. The food changes into acids absorbed by the villi.
B. The food must be digested first through the process.
C. The food is directly swallowed through esophagus into the stomach.
D. The food is mixed with the juices secreted by the cells in the stomach.
E. The food we take must be changed into substances carried in the blood to the places.
Answer: B
21. From the text above, we imply that .
A. a good process of digestive system will help our body becoming healthier.
B. no one concerned with the process of digestive system for their health.
C. the digestive system is needed if we are eating the food instantly.
D. every body must conduct the processes of digestive system well.
E. the better we digest the food we eat, the healthier we will be.
Answer: A
22. Human body is made up of countless millions of cells. (Paragraph 1) The phrase made up means .
A. produced
B. managed
C. arranged
D. completed
E. constructed
Answer: E
Teks Explanation 6
A natural disaster is a terrible accident, e.g. a great flood, a big fire or an earthquake. It usually causes great suffering and loss of a large sum of money. The casualties are injured or died. Some people are homeless and need medical care.
Floods occur when the water of rivers, lakes, or streams overflow their banks and pour onto the surrounding land. Floods are caused by many different things. Often heavy rainstorms that last for a brief can cause a flood. But not all heavy storms are followed by flooding. If the surrounding land is flat and can absorb the water, no flooding will occur. If, however, the land is hard and rocky, heavy rain cannot be absorbed. Where the banks are low, a river may overflow and flood adjacent lowland.
In many part of the world flood are caused by tropical storms called hurricanes or typhoons. They bring destructive winds of high speed, torrents of rain, and flooding. When a flood occurs, the destruction to surrounding land can be severe. Whole villages and towns are sometimes swept away by water pouring swiftly over the land. Railroad track blocked and uprooted from their beds. Highways are washed away.
When a building caught fire, the firemen pitched in to help battle the blaze. Before the pumps were invented, people formed bucket brigades to fight fires. Standing side by side, they formed a human chain from the fire to nearby well or river. They passed buckets of water from to hand to be poured on the flames.
The damage of the fire did depend a great deal on where it happened. In the country or a small village, only a single house might burn down. But in crowded cities, fire often destroyed whole blocks and neighborhoods before being controlled.
23. What can possibly prevent rivers and lakes from overflowing?
A. An absorbent bed.
B. A rocky surrounding.
C. A low land.
D. A high bank
E. A high road.
Answer: D
24. We know from the text that . . . .
A. River can sweep heavy flood
B. People can make money from flood
C. The destruction by flood is always less severe
D. Water flood is absorbed by land
E. Typhoons caused heavy flood
Answer: D
25. We know from the text that . . . .
A. The pump is the only tool used by fire fighters now
B. The pump helps people to fight fires more efficiently
C. Fires in big cities are always very big
D. People no longer use buckets to control fire
E. Only firemen can control fires in crowded cities
Answer: B
Teks Explanation 7
Biodiesel is a clean burning substitute for petroleum based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is made of vegetable oil.
To make or manufacture Biodiesel, you must first start with raw materials. The raw materials needed in the production of Biodiesel are a small amount of methanol and a ready supply of vegetable product.
One of the most common vegetables used in the production of Biodiesel is corn, although depending on the geographic location of the manufacturing facility many other plants are used as well (rapeseed, soybeans, flaxseed, etc.). The first step is to use the raw vegetable product to make vegetable oil. Vegetable oil by itself will not be what you need to power a car, from here it has to be processed into Biodiesel.
The process for converting vegetable oil into Biodiesel is sometimes called ester interchange. To complete this process the vegetable oil has to be combined with a smaller amount of methanol and then put in the presence of a small quantity of an alkaline catalyst (for example, 5% to 1% sodium hydroxide). Vegetable oil is made up of so-called triglycerides, which is a compound of the trivalent alcohol glycerin with three fatty acids.
The goal of ester interchange is to separate the glycerin molecule from the three fatty acids and replace it with three methanol molecules. This process then yields roughly 90% Biodiesel and 10% of a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct can be used in a number of other chemical processes for different industries.
26. What is the text about?
A. The process of making Biodiesel
B. The use of the Biodiesel.
C. The advantage of using the Biodiesel.
D. The benefit of producing the Biodiesel.
E. The development of the Biodiesel product.
Answer: A
27. What are interchanged in the process of ester interchange?
A. The three fatty acids with the glycerin molecules.
B. The glycerin molecule with three methanol molecules
C. Methanol with the three fatty acids.
D. Vegetable oil with methanol
E. Methanol and alkaline catalyst.
Answer: B
28. According to the text, one of the advantages in using biodiesel is
A. it is cheap.
B. it only uses vegetable oil.
C. it uses replaceable materials.
D. it can be done in small industry.
E. it gives less pollution than petroleum
Answer: E
29. The process for converting vegetable oil(Paragraph 3). The word converting is closest in meaning to
A. Producing
B. Separating
C. Attaching
D. Processing
E. Changing
Answer: E
Teks Explanation 8
The sense of taste is one of a persons five senses. We taste with the help of taste-buds in the tongue.
There are four main kinds of taste: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. All other tastes are just mixtures of two or more of these main types.
The surface of the tongue has more than fifteen thousand taste-buds (or cells). These are connected to the brain by special nerves which send the so-called tastes messages.
When the tongue comes into contact with food of any kind, the taste-buds will pick up the taste. The nerves then send a message to the brain. This will make us aware of the taste. All this happens in just a few seconds.
There are four kinds of taste-buds, each of which is sensitive to only a particular taste. These four groups are located in different parts of the tongue.
The taste-buds for salty and sweet tastes are found round the tip of the tongue and along its sides. Sour tastes can be picked up only at the sides of the tongue. The taste-buds of the bitter taste are found at the innermost edge of the tongue. There are taste-buds at the centre of the tongue.
The senses of smell and sight can affect taste. The good smell of food increases its taste. Similarly, attractive colours can make food appear tastier and more delicious. If food does not smell good or is dull-coloured, it will look tasty and may not taste good at all.
Very hot or cold sensations can make the taste-buds insensitive. Food that is too hot or too cold, when placed in the mouth, will have no tastes at all.
30. We can taste any kind of food because of ..
A. the good smell of food
B. the four main kinds of taste
C. the taste-buds in the tongue
D. the senses of smell and sight
E. the taste-buds round the tip of the tongue
Answer: C
31. When we eat very hot or cold food ..
A. the food will lose its taste
B. the food wont smell good
C. the taste of the food increases
D. the taste-buds will be sensitive
E. the taste-buds will be very, responsive
Answer: A
32. The senses of smell and sight ..
A. increase the taste of the food
B. affect the taste of the food
C. make food more delicious
D. make the food look good
E. make the food attractive
Answer: B
33. The purpose of the text is ..
A. to explain how we can taste any food in the mouth
B. to give a report about the sense of taste
C. to inform how important the tongue is
D. to describe the use of the tongue
E. to tell the taste of the food
Answer: A
Teks Explanation 9
Silkworms live for only two or three days after laying eggs. About 36,000 to 50,000 eggs are laid, and these are carefully stored at the silkworm farm until they are ready to hatch. The eggs hatch into caterpillars, which feed on mulberry leaves. Soon, the caterpillars are ready to spin their cocoons.
Not all caterpillars can spin silk cocoons. Only the caterpillars of a silkworm moth known as Bombyx mari can do such spinning. This caterpillar has special glands which secrete liquid silk through its lower lip. The liquid produced later hardens to form tine strands.
The caterpillar makes its cocoons using these strands. The threads on the outside of the cocoon are rough, while those inside are soft and smooth.
Some fully-spun cocoons are heated. This kills the pupa inside. The cocoons are then put into hot water to loosen the fine threads. Finally, these threads are reeled off the cocoons.
The length of unbroken thread produced by a single cocoon measures about one-and-a-half kilometers. Being twisted together several of these threads make single woven materials.
34. What is the purpose of the text ..
A. To persuade readers to buy silk.
B. To put silk into different categories.
C. To entertain readers with the knowledge.
D. To present some points of view about silk.
E. To describe how silk comes into existence.
Answer: E
35. How are the threads on the outside of the cocoon ..
A. Fine.
B. Soft.
C. Rough.
D. Strong.
E. Smooth.
Answer: C
36. What are mulberry leaves for ..
A. Feeding caterpillars
B. Spinning cocoons.
C. Storing threads.
D. Hatching eggs.
E. Laying eggs.
Answer: A
Teks Explanation 10
A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What is a cell phone? A cell phone is actually a radio in certain way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to other people in real time. Million people use cell phone for their communication. Even nowadays, people use cell phones to communicate in voice, written and data.
Alexander Graham Bell is the person who make great change in the way people communicate to each other. He invented a telephone in 1876. While wireless radio was formally known in 18994 presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By these two technologies, then a cell phone was born.
However do you know how actually cell phones work?
This short explanation on how a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long term cellular telephone works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The towers are networked to a central switching station. The connection usually uses wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave.
Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed connected to the wire-based telephone system. Cellulars are pick up by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or the user of wire-based telephone network.
The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal from short distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually more than one tower in certain given area so that the system can handle the increasing telephone traffic.
37. What the main idea of paragraph three
A. How to use the telephone
B. The founder of telephone
C. The part of telephone
D. Function of telephone
E. How to make the telephone
Answer: C
38. What is cell phone
A. Cell phone is an object can movement
B. Cell phone is general object
C. Cell phone is a contraption thing
D. A cell phone is actually a radio in certain way
E. Cell phone is Graham Bells founder
Answer: D
39. How telephone celluler work
A. By signal radio
B. By battery
C. By user
D. By GPS Signal
E. By transmitting signal
Answer: E
40. Who the telephone cellular founder
A. Graham bells
B. Guglielmo Marconi
C. Wilbur OWright
D. Antonio Meucci
E. BJ Habibie
Answer: D
41. What the text about
A. The telephone founder
B. The part of telephone
C. The history of telephone
D. How telephone work
E. How much the telephone
Answer: C
42. History by Ani today
A. Will learn
B. Will learnt
C. Would learnt
D. Have learnt
E. Has learnt
Answer: B
43. I hadnt breakfast when you call me
A. Already
B. Have
C. Done
D. Just
E. Has
Answer: A
44. The car driven by The person who laughing
A. Will
B. Is being
C. Was being
D. Has been
E. Will be
Answer: B
45. My cat their fish today
A. Eats
B. Will ate
C. Has eat
D. Eaten
E. Eat
Answer: A
46. Your meal hasnt been
A. Finish
B. Finished
C. Finishing
D. Finishs
E. Did
Answer: B
Teks Explanation 11
A kite is an object which is made from a light material stretched over a frame. Due to its light material a kite will lift off the ground and fly when it is tilted into the wind.
A kite is uses wind to make it fly because it is heavier than air.
When wind travels over the surface of the kite, it is split into two streams of air. One stream of the air goes over the kite while the second stream goes under the kite.
The upper stream above the kite. The lower stream hits the kite at a shallow angle and creates an area of high pressure.
The high pressure area has a pushing effect while the low pressure area has a pulling effect. The combination of push and pull can creates enough force to lift the kite into the air.
Kites have been known for thousand of years. They are used for military or scientific purposes. Todays kites are much used for leisure and competition.
47. What media which use by kite to fly?
A. Air
B. Water
C. Ground
D. Light
E. Wind
Answer: E
48. How many stream of air if we want the kite flying?
A. Two
B. One
C. Four
D. Three
E. There is no stream
Answer: A
49. The first Word of it at the first line of paragraph two refers to
A. Wind
B. Air
C. Kite
D. Frame
E. Fly
Answer: C
50. What is the function of the upper stream?
A. hits the kite at a shallow angle
B. creates an area of high pressure
C. creates an area of middle pressure
D. creates an area of low pressure
E. give space for kite to fly
Answer: D
51. Bassed on the text, what is the function of kite at past?
A. Used for competition
B. Used for military
C. Used for sent message
D. Used for sent money
E. Used for keep home for annoying evil
Answer: B
Teks Explanation 12
A geyser is the result of underground water under the combined conditions of high temperatures and increased pressure beneath the surface of the earth. Since temperature rises approximately 1 F for every sixty feet under the earths surface, and pressure increases with depth, the water that seeps down in crack and fissures until it reaches very hot rock in the earth interior becomes heated to temperature in excess of 290 F. Because of the greater pressure, the water shoots out of the surface in the form of steam and hot water.
The result is a geyser. In order to function, then a geyser must have a source of heat, reservoir where water can be stored until the temperature rises to an unstable point, an opening through which the hot water and steam can escape, and underground channels for resupplying water after an eruption.
Favorable conditions for geyser exist in some regions of the world including New Zealand, Iceland, and the Yellowstone National Park area of the United States. The most famous geyser in the world is Old Faithfull in Yellow Park. Old Faithful erupts almost every hour, rising to a height of 125 to 170 feet and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption.
52. How geyser is produced?
A. By the rise of temperature pressure functioning hot steam.
B. From a huge tension of heated water that coming out from the earth crack.
C. From the heated temperature in earth crack that absorbing water.
D. From the temperature and absorbed water that occurs on earth surface.
E. By the hot water and temperature of hot rock that occurs on earth surface
Answer: E
53. Steam and hot water shoot out of the surface because of .
A. hot rock and water
B. temperature and pressure
C. greater pressure
D. high temperature and increased pressure
E. underground temperature and increased pressure
Answer: C
54. Reservoir where the water can be stored will be after eruption and resupplying again ..
A. hot
B. narrow
C. open
D. empty
E. unstable
Answer: C
55. and expelling more than ten thousand gallons during each eruption. (Paragraph 2). The word expelling is closest in meaning to .
A. heating
B. melting
C. wasting
D. supplying
E. discharging
Answer: C
Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay attention to the following explanation. The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land. Flooding can be disastrous for humans when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people. On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as littering that can make water flow clogged. This makes the water deposited in landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and cause flooding.
1. What the suitable title for those paragraph?
2. What causes the floods?
3. What is the cost of the flood?
4. How does a flood occur?
5. Write a solution to reduce flood disaster!
1. The suitable title for those paragraph could be "The Causes and Consequences of Flooding in Jakarta" or "Understanding Flooding in Jakarta"
2. The natural causes of floods are heavy rain that falls on the surface of the earth and causes the water to be absorbed by the ground surface and flow to lower places. Non-natural causes of floods are caused by human activities such as littering that can clog water flow, leading to water being deposited in landfills and overflowing when water reservoirs can no longer hold the discharge.
3. The cost of the flood can be devastating for humans when it happens in an area where people live, as the water can carry away houses, bridges, cars, furniture, and even people.
4. Flood occurs when the water that is absorbed by the ground surface flows to the lower places, and evaporation and the water appear to the surface of the land. Non-natural flooding occurs when bad human habits such as littering cause water to be clogged and deposited in landfills, leading to overflow when water reservoirs can no longer hold the discharge.
5. Solutions to reduce flood disaster include:
Proper waste management and disposal to prevent litter from clogging water flow
Developing and maintaining green spaces such as parks and wetlands to absorb excess water
Building flood protection infrastructure such as dams and levees
Encouraging people to be more aware of the environment and take preventive measures such as sandbagging their homes during heavy rain.
Building a more robust and effective early warning system for floods, so that people can evacuate before the flood happens.
Encourage people to be more aware of the risks of flood and to prepare for it by keeping emergency kits in their homes.
Part 5 Games
Various natural hazards ranging from floods, tsunamis, earthquake and roaring hurricanes. It is probably not an easy feat to try to explain this to children. But there is actually a simulation game that educators can utilise so that children can learn how to respond to and mitigate disaster through an internet game.
The game was launched by United Nations in 2007 as part of World Disaster Reduction Campaign; it is simulating natural hazards and serves as an interactive educational tool for children. Targeted for age 9-16 years old audience, the player role is to plan and construct a safer environment for their local population by assessing disaster risk and limiting damage inflicted during a natural hazard strike.
The UN/ISDR secretariat developed the online video game based on the great success of the board game called “Riskland” for children aged 6 to 9, which was developed jointly with UNICEF. The Riskland game has been widely used worldwide in different languages, including local languages.
The on-line game called “Stop Disasters” (www.stopdisastersgame.org) aims at sensitising children on basic notions of disaster risk reduction in a fun and entertaining manner. Its main objective is to raise awareness about the issue but do not pretend to educate children on all the aspects of disaster risk reduction issues. The game is also supported by a website offering more information and teacher guides on natural hazards.
The game includes five natural hazard scenarios (flooding, tsunami, wildfire, hurricane and earthquake) set in five different geographic environments with three different levels of difficulty that require critical decision-making and strategic planning.
This online game aims at teaching children how to build safer villages and cities against disasters. Children will learn through playing how the location and the construction materials of houses can make a difference when disasters strike and how early warning systems, evacuation plans and education can save lives.
The player assumes the role of a contractor in charge of improving the area’s response to specific natural disasters. Within a set time limit, the player must manage their resources in order to construct and reinforce local buildings, conduct training, and purchase warning systems to help make the community safer.
Each scenario takes place in various locations around the world and focuses on disasters common to that area. For example, the tsunami scenario takes place in Southeast Asia, while the wildfires scenario takes place in Australia.
GAMEPLAY
The player is given a lot of freedom to make choices in the game. They can choose what to develop and where to develop it, and they can choose between developing buildings or creating defence systems. Once a structure is made, they can choose if or how they will upgrade it. The player has a set budget and they can decide how to distribute their money and which members of the population to spend it on.
The player is given a generic amount of time before a disaster strikes. They can use that time to invest in their community and build structures, create defences, and invest in warning systems and population training. Each scenario comes with a list of goals that must be met before the disaster strikes. For example, the player might have to build a school, house a certain amount of people, and develop the local economy (such as building a certain number of hotels). Each scenario also has some generic goals related to lowering the costs of the destruction and loss of life during and after the disaster. The challenge comes from managing the resources available: limited time and money and terrain-related building restrictions. The player is not given any implicit directions once the game controls are explained and is expected to figure out the game strategy on their own by clicking on objects and trying out different actions.
The game is a real-time, self-guided, point-and-click, grid-based map simulation. The player interacts with the game by clicking on objects on the map and on menus. All actions can be completed using a mouse. The player is expected to find information independently, and will be rewarded for exploring and making good choices with tooltips that appear after the action has been completed. This self-guided nature of the game drive the player to do multiple tries before correctly strategies the game play. reduces the learning component by preventing the player from acting purposefully on this information. A player’s knowledge may actually be minimized by this method because they may not be able to find all of the tooltips in the allotted time. However, the option to start the disaster early was useful as a self-guided feature because the player may finish before the time is up.
https://www.educaplay.com/learning-resources/6446567-natural_disasters.html
https://www.proprofsgames.com/crossword/natural-disasters/
Part 6 Karaoke
1. Earth Song - Michael Jackson
2. Mother Nature's Son - Beatles
3. Mercy, Mercy Me (The Ecology) - Marvin Gaye
4. Where Do The Children Play - Cat Stevens
5. Big Yellow Taxi - Joni Mitchell
6. Hungry Planet - The Byrds
7. Don't Go Near The Water - Beach Boy
8. Down To Earth - Peter Gabriel
9. It’s the End of the World As We Know It – REM https://youtu.be/jVmB3lRjCmc?si=BZrnMjNeq07f95v5
10. Flood – Jars of Clay https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc_taopAOPg
11. Landslide – Smashing Pumpkins
12. Natural Disaster – PlainWhite T’s
13. We Didn’t Start the Fire – Billy Joel
14. Trying to Reason with Hurricane Season-Jimmy Buffett
15. Rock You Like a Hurricane-Scorpions