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Topics in the Praxis Writing exam and some important links...
A. Language Skills
1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.
a. Recognize and correct relational grammatical errors
•errors in the use of adjectives and adverbs
•errors in noun-noun agreement
•errors in pronoun-antecedent agreement
•errors in the use of intensive pronoun
•errors in pronoun number and person
•errors in subject-verb agreements
•in appropriate shifts in verb tense
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/engcomp1-wmopen/chapter/text-verb-tenses-and-agreement/
b. Recognize and correct structured relationships
•errors in the placement of phrases and clauses within a sentence
•misplaced and dangling modifiers
•errors in the use of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
c. Recognize and correct word choice
•errors in the use of idiomatic expressions
•errors in the use of frequently confused words
•wrong word use
d. Recognize sentences free of errors in the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.
2. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization and punctuation.
a. Recognize and correct mechanics (capitalization and punctuation)
•commas (e.g., the use of a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence)
•semicolons (e.g., the use of a semicolon [and perhaps a conjunctive adverb] to link two or more
closely related independent clauses)
b. Recognize sentences free of errors in the conventions of standard English capitalization and
punctuation.
Grammar and Punctuation Terms
Adjective: Changes nouns. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new bike.
ii) Adjectives can come after verb: (be, become, seem, look, etc) that car looks fast.
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car.
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive.
Adverbs: Most adverbs in English are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a noun.
i) Adjectives ending -l still take -ly; careful-carefully.
ii) Adjectives ending -y change to -ily; lucky-luckily.
iii) Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly; responsible-responsibly.
Capital Letters: In writing, letters can be written two ways; T or t, for instance. T is a capital letter, or upper case, and t is lower case. Capital letters are used at the beginning of a Sentence and for a Proper Noun. A proper noun is a noun which refers to a specific thing. For example: people, person, those people, that person, etc., are all common nouns. A proper noun would refer to a specific person, such as Ryan, Kylie, Dr Halloway, etc.
Clause: Part of a sentence that usually contains a subject and a verb. It is usually connected to the other part of the sentence by a conjunction. It is not a complete sentence on its own.
Conjunctions: A word like AND, BUT, WHEN, OR, etc., which connects words, phrases and clauses.
Consonant: B;C;D;F;G;H;J;K;L;M;N;P;Q;R;S;T;V;W;X;Z are the English consonants. A consonant is a sound formed by stopping the air flowing through the mouth. The opposite is a vowel.
Determiners: A determiner is used with a noun and restricts the meaning by limiting the reference of the noun.
Euphemism: A euphemism is when you substitute language that is less direct and vague for another that is considered to be harsh, blunt, or offensive.
Grammar: A description of the rules of the structure of a language; the way words combine, the order they come in, the way they change according to their relationship to other words and how they build up into units like a sentence.
Homophones: Words that are spelled differently but sound the same.
Metonymy: A word or phrase that is used to represent something it is closely associated with.
Noun: A word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, feelings or any nameable things.
Onomatopoeia: A word which imitates the sound it represents, such as bang, whoosh or crack.
Oxymoron: Combining two terms that are normally contradictory.
Palindrome: A word or phrase that is spelled the same way forwards or backwards.
Phrase: A group of words that go together, but do not make a complete sentence.
Prefixes: Groups of letters that can be placed before a word to modify its meaning.
Pronoun: A word that substitutes a noun or noun phrase with a generalising term (e.g. it, these, that, those, each, you, her etc.).
Punctuation: The symbols used in written language to indicate the end of or the type of a sentence or a clause.
Sentence: A group of words beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full-stop, exclamation or question mark in written anguage, containing a verb.
Tense: Used to show the relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb.
Verb: One of the major grammatical groups, and all sentences must contain one. Verbs refer to an action or a state.
Vowel: A;E;I;O;U are the English vowels. A vowel is a sound made by pushing air out through the mouth. Y is sometimes used as a vowel. The opposite is a consonant.
Zeugma: A word used to link two words or phrases.
Attributions
Writing Guide by Paul Schacht and Celia Easton, used under CC BY 4.0
Writing Guide Wiki Spaces by Paul Schacht and Celia Easton, used under CC BY 4.0
Grammar and Punctuation by termsofenglish, used under CC BY SA 3.0
flickr by Walter Lim, used under CC BY 2.0
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