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Computing and Advanced Memory Laboratory (CAML)
Computing and Advanced Memory Laboratory (CAML)
研究領域 Research
研究領域 Research
新興非揮發性記憶體材料與元件
記憶體內運算元件與模擬
仿神經型態網路記憶體元件與模擬
次世代半導體材料元件與設計
Emerging Non-Volatile Memory Materials and Devices
Computing-in-memory: Devices and Simulation
Neuromorphic Computing: Memory Devices and Simulation
Next-Generation Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Design
*All images are generated by Microsoft Designer.
Neuromorphic (Brain-like) Computing
[Algorithm Group]
Spiking Neural Networks
[Circuit Design Group]
Neuromorphic Computing SRAM-based Circuit Design
[Materials and Devices Group]
Electronic Neuron Devices
[Materials and Devices Group]
Electronic Synapse Devices
Join Us!
CAMLab welcomes students majoring in electrical engineering, electronics, computer science, mechanical engineering, materials science, chemical engineering, physics, chemistry, and other STEM disciplines who are willing to undertake interdisciplinary challenges to join. We also welcome international students to join us. Please feel free to send us an email to discuss accordingly.
(本實驗室歡迎電機電子、資訊、機械、材料、化工、物理、化學等理工科系，並願意進行跨領域挑戰的學生加入，也歡迎國際學生的加入，可先寄信與我們洽談。)
[Algorithm Group] Students who have basic coding skills and are interested in Spiking Neural Networks Design for Time-series Sensor Data Processing.
[Materials and Devices Group] Students who have basic semiconductor process knowledge and are interested in Emerging Non-volatile Memory Materials and Devices for Electronic Neuron and Synapse Applications.
[Circuit Design Group] Students who have basic IC design experience and are interested in Designing SNN Analog or Digital ICs. (*should accept co-advised with Professors in E.E.)
近期成果 Recent Research News and Highlights
近期成果 Recent Research News and Highlights
Congratulations to Chiu-Chang Cheng on receiving SOC funding to visit U.C. Berkeley’s BAIR Lab for a two-month exchange!
Congratulations to Chiu-Chang Cheng on having his research accepted at Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements (NICE 2025), held at Heidelberg University, Germany, where it was presented in poster format!
Prof. Wang was invited to give a talk at CTAM 2024 in NTHU, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. “Ultra-Low-Power Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensor for Future Sensory Memory Systems”, The 48th National Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (CTAM 2024) & The 3rd International Conference on Mechanics (3rd ICM), 29-30/Nov./2024, at National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Prof. Wang was invited to give a talk at AMSM 2024 in Korea. "Towards a Sensory Memory System: Incorporating Piezotronic Sensors, Ionic Memory, and Spiking Neural Networks Learning", The 7th International Conference on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics 2024 (AMSM 2024), 27-30/Oct./2024, 2024 at Songdo ConvensiA, Incheon, Korea
Congratulations to Hsiao-Hua for winning an Excellence Poster Award in MRSTIC 2023. Hsiao-Hua Hsu, Chao-Hung Wang*, Chuan-Pu Liu*, "Study on Proton-Transportation Behavior of Metal Oxide-based Electrochemical Synapse," in MRS-T International Conference 2023 (MRSTIC 2023), 17-20/Nov./2023 (Poster)
Prof. Wang was invited to give a talk in an international conference of KSS in Korea. “An Investigation on Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensor for Future Force-driven Motion Sensor Applications”, 2023 Fall Conference of the Korean Sensors Society, the 5th Japan, Taiwan and Korea joint Symposium on Sensors and the related Materials, 11-13/Oct./2023
Our team's work was accepted by IEDMS 2023. H. H. Hsu, T. Y. Liao, W. H. Chu, and C. H. Wang*, "Study on the Influence of the Interfacial Layers on the Performance of Lithium Cobalt Oxide-Based Electronic Synapse," in International Electron Devices & Materials Symposium 2023 (IEDMS 2023), 19-20/Oct./2023 (Poster)
The collaborative work was published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (I.F.: 9.5)
Our team's work was accepted by ICSS 2023. Wen-Huei Chu, Chan Jang, Te-Yu Liao, Wei-An Chen, and Chao-Hung Wang, "An Investigation on Electrochemical-Ionic-Transport-Based Electronic Synapses for Adaptive Sensor Applications," in International Conference on Smart Sensors 2023 (ICSS 2023), Oral Presentation.
Yu-Liang Hsiao, Chen Jang, Yi-Miao Lin, Chao-Hung Wang, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Investigation into Ultra-Low-Power Capacitive Piezo-tronic Force Sensor" in 2023 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting. (Accepted, Oral Presentation) - Co-work with Prof. Chuan-Pu Liu, MSE, NCKU
Yu-Liang (Prof. Chuan-Pu Liu's student) and I in front of the meeting room
實驗室成員 Lab Members
Ph. D.-level Students
博四(4th-year)：呂昊諭(敏求智慧運算學院Miin Wu SOC-旺宏產博共同指導學生MXIC-sponsored industrial Ph.D. student_Co-advised)
博一(1st-year)：劉士瑋(敏求智慧運算學院Miin Wu SOC-逕博)、余信德(智慧半導體及永續製造學院AISSM)
Master-level Students
碩三(3rd-year)：鄭九彰(敏求智慧運算學院Miin Wu SOC-Join U.C. Berkeley BAIR lab student exchange program)
碩二(2nd-year)：
碩一(1st-year)：莊詠筌(智慧半導體及永續製造學院AISSM)、何伯瑜(智慧半導體及永續製造學院AISSM)
已畢業學生 Alumni
碩士(Master)：張辰(工學院材料系MSE-共同指導學生Co-advised)，畢業動向：力積電
碩士(Master)：廖得宇(工學院材料系MSE-共同指導學生Co-advised)，畢業動向：台積電
碩士(Master)：許孝華(工學院材料系MSE-共同指導學生Co-advised)，畢業動向：聯電
專題生(Undergraduate)：侯詠涵 (工學院材料系MSE)，畢業動向：自行創業中
研究計畫 Projects
開發具事件驅動之脈衝式類神經網絡及運算晶片應用於感測記憶系統 NSTC 114-2221-E-006-205 -
Artificial Neural Network-Based (ANN) Approach for Characteristics Modeling and Prediction in GaN-Switch Devices 穩懋半導體股份有限公司產學合作計畫
114年智慧運算跨域教學計畫-AI × 統計：跨域資料分析與預測建模 (共同主持人)
開發記憶體材料元件、電路與演算法應用於超低功耗感測記憶系統 Development of Memory Materials, Devices, Circuits and Algorithms for Ultra-Low-Power Sensory Memory System, NSTC 113-2221-E-006 -138 -
2024 AI永續發展未來之星計畫
開發新穎記憶體材料應用於記憶體運算與仿神經型態運算元件應用, MOST 111-2222-E-006 -005 -MY2
NCKU 41, “Development of new emerging memories for Brain-inspired computing”, 2022 SATU Joint Research Scheme (JRS)
111學年新進教師暨研究人員學術研究計畫補助
112學年新進教師暨研究人員學術研究計畫補助
著作 Publications
著作 Publications
受邀演講 Invited Talks
受邀演講 Invited Talks
"Advancing Neuromorphic Computing for Future Sensory Memory Systems", 王超鴻, 國立陽明交通大學論文研討專題演講, 7/May/2025
"Advancing Neuromorphic Computing for Future Sensory Memory Systems", 王超鴻, 國立清華大學工學院書報討論英文專題演講, 22/April/2025
“Ultra-Low-Power Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensor for Future Sensory Memory Systems”, The 48th National Conference on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (CTAM 2024) & The 3rd International Conference on Mechanics (3rd ICM), 29-30/Nov./2024, at National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
"Towards a Sensory Memory System: Incorporating Piezotronic Sensors, Ionic Memory, and Spiking Neural Networks Learning", The 7th International Conference on Active Materials and Soft Mechatronics 2024 (AMSM 2024), 27-30/Oct./2024, 2024 at Songdo ConvensiA, Incheon, Korea
“Advancements in Intelligent Sensing: Incorporating Near-Sensor Computation for Ultra-Low-Power Tactile Applications”, NexGen Materials Engineering and Applications Summit, 23-25/Sept./2024 in Tokyo, Japan (Virtual)
“Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensor with Ultra-Low Power for Next-Generation Sensory Memory System”, 7th International Conference on Materials Science & Nanotechnology (ICMSN2024), 15 - 16/July/2024 at Vienna, Austria (Virtual)
“An Investigation on Capacitive Piezotronic Force Sensor for Future Force-driven Motion Sensor Applications”, 2023 Fall Conference of the Korean Sensors Society, the 5th Japan, Taiwan and Korea joint Symposium on Sensors and the related Materials, 11-13/Oct./2023
“Computing-In-Memory with Resistive Memory for Accelerating Sensing Data Process”, International Conference on Smart Sensors 2021 (ICSS 2021)
期刊 Journals
期刊 Journals
Chiu-Chang Cheng, Kapil Bhardwaj, Ya-Ning Chang, Sayani Majumdar* and Chao-Hung Wang*, “Task-Aware Tuning of Time Constants in Spiking Neural Networks for Multimodal Classification”, Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, Under review (I.F.: 6.1)
Chao-Hung Wang, Te-Yu Liao, Wen-Huei Chu, and Shih-Wen Tseng, “Synergistic Effects of Interfacial Electric Fields and Cryogenic Temperatures on the Performance of Li-Ion Electronic Synapses”, Advanced Engineering Materials, Under-revision (I.F.: 3.3)
Yu-Liang Hsiao, Chen Jang, Yi-Miao Lin, Chao-Hung Wang, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "An Ultra-Low-Power and Wide-Operating-Voltage-Window Capacitive Piezo-tronic Sensor through Coupling of Piezo-charges and Depletion Widths for Tactile Sensing," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15, 42, 49338–49345. (I.F.: 9.5)
Bing Zhang, Jiankang He, Gaofeng Zheng, Yuanyuan Huang, Chaohung Wang, Peisheng He, Fanping Sui, Lingchao Meng, and Liwei Lin, "Electrohydrodynamic 3D printing of orderly carbon/nickel composite network as supercapacitor electrodes," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 82, 135–143. (I.F.: 10.9)
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Dai-Ying Lee, Chao-Hung Wang, Ming-Liang Wei, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Hsiang-Lan Lung, Kuang-Yeu Hsieh, Keh-Chung Wang, Chih-Yuan Lu, "Impacts and solutions of nonvolatile-memory-induced weight error in the computing-in-memory neural network system, " Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2020. (I.F.: 1.5)
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Chao-Hung Wang, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Dai-Ying Lee, Yu-Yu Lin, Feng-Min Lee, Hsiang-Lan Lung, Keh-Chung Wang, Tseung-Yuen Tseng, Chih-Yuan Lu, "Performance Impacts of Analog ReRAM Non-ideality on Neuromorphic Computing," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2019. (I.F.: 3.1)
Chen-Yu Tsai, Kapil Gupta, Chao-Hung Wang, Chuan-Pu Liu, "Ultrahigh UV responsivity of single nonpolar a-axial GaN nanowire with asymmetric piezopotential via piezo-phototronic effect: Dependence of carrier screening effect on strain," Nano Energy, 2017. (I.F.: 17.6)
Chun-Pin Huang, Kapil Gupta, Chao-Hung Wang, Chuan-Pu Liu, and Kun-Yu Lai, "High-quality AlN grown with a single substrate temperature below 1200 C," Scientific reports, 2017. (I.F.: 4.6)
Nai-Jen Ku, Guocheng Liu, Chao-Hung Wang, Kapil Gupta, Wei-Shun Liao, Dayan Ban, Chuan-Pu Liu, "Optimal geometrical design of inertial vibration DC piezoelectric nanogenerators based on obliquely aligned InN nanowire arrays," Nanoscale, 2017. (I.F.: 8.307)
Yen-Yu Chen, Chao-Hung Wang, Giin-Shan Chen, Yi-Chang Li, Chuan-Pu Liu, "Self-powered n-Mg x Zn 1-x O/p-Si photodetector improved by alloying-enhanced piezopotential through piezo-phototronic effect," Nano Energy, 2015. (I.F.: 17.6)
Chao‐Hung Wang, Kun‐Yu Lai, Yi‐Chang Li, Yen‐Chih Chen, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Ultrasensitive Thin‐Film‐Based AlxGa1− xN Piezotronic Strain Sensors via Alloying‐Enhanced Piezoelectric Potential," Advanced Materials, 2015. (I.F.: 32.086)
Chao‐Hung Wang, Wei‐Shun Liao, Zong‐Hong Lin, Nai‐Jen Ku, Yi‐Chang Li, Yen‐Chih Chen, Zhong‐Lin Wang, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Optimization of the output efficiency of GaN nanowire piezoelectric nanogenerators by tuning the free carrier concentration," Advanced Energy Materials, 2014. (I.F.: 29.698)
Chao‐Hung Wang, Wei‐Shun Liao, Nai‐Jen Ku, Yi‐Chang Li, Yen‐Chih Chen, Li‐Wei Tu, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Effects of free carriers on piezoelectric nanogenerators and piezotronic devices made of GaN nanowire arrays," Small, 2014. (I.F.: 13.3)
Chia-Hao Tu, Che-Chia Chang, Chao-Hung Wang, Hisn-Chiao Fang, Michael RS Huang, Yi-Chang Li, Hung-Jen Chang, Cheng-Hsueh Lu,; Yen-Chih Chen, Ruey-Chi Wang, "Resistive memory devices with high switching endurance through single filaments in Bi-crystal CuO nanowires," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014. (I.F.: 6.317)
Chao‐Hung Wang, Wei‐Shun Liao, Zong‐Hong Lin, Nai‐Jen Ku, Yi‐Chang Li, Yen‐Chih Chen, Zhong‐Lin Wang, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Optimization of the output efficiency of GaN nanowire piezoelectric nanogenerators by tuning the free carrier concentration," Advanced Energy Materials, 2014. (I.F.: 29.698)
Nai‐Jen Ku, Chao‐Hung Wang, Jun‐Han Huang, Hsin‐Chiao Fang, Po‐Chien Huang, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Energy Harvesting from the Obliquely Aligned InN Nanowire Array with a Surface Electron‐Accumulation Layer," Advanced Materials, 2013. (I.F.: 32.086)
Chao-Hung Wang, Yu-Wen Huang, Shang-En Wu, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Is it viable to improve light output efficiency by nano-light-emitting diodes?" Applied Physics Letters, 2013. (I.F.: 3.7)
Nai-Jen Ku, Jun-Han Huang, Chao-Hung Wang, Hsin-Chiao Fang, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Crystal face-dependent nanopiezotronics of an obliquely aligned InN nanorod array," Nano Letters, 2012. (I.F.: 10.8)
Ruey‐Chi Wang, Hsin‐Ying Lin, Chao‐Hung Wang, and Chuan‐Pu Liu, "Fabrication of a Large‐Area Al‐Doped ZnO Nanowire Array Photosensor with Enhanced Photoresponse by Straining," Advanced Functional Materials, 2012. (I.F.: 19.924)
Yen-Chih Chen; Chao-Hung Wang, Wei-Ting Chen, Bi-Hua Li, Li-Wei Tu, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Undoped and Ga-doped hexagonal platelet interconnected ZnS nanowires: Cathodoluminescence and metal–semiconductor electron transport transition," Scripta Materialia, 2011. (I.F.: 6.302)
Yen-Chih Chen, Chao-Hung Wang, Hsin-Ying Lin, Bi-Hua Li, Wei-Ting Chen, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Growth of Ga-doped ZnS nanowires constructed by self-assembled hexagonal platelets with excellent photocatalytic properties," Nanotechnology, 2010. (I.F.: 3.5)
Chien-Lin Kuo, Ruey-Chi Wang, Jow-Lay Huang, Chuan-Pu Liu, Chun-Kai Wang, Sheng-Po Chang, Wen-Huei Chu, Chao-Hung Wang, Chia-hao Tu, "The synthesis and electrical characterization of Cu2O/Al: ZnO radial p–n junction nanowire arrays," Nanotechnology, 2009. (I.F.: 3.5)
研討會論文 Conference Papers
研討會論文 Conference Papers
H.-Y. Lu1, H.-M. Lee2, S.-L. Zhong2, C.-K. Liang2, S.-T. Hsu2, Y.-C. Pai2, W.-C. Tseng2, Md. A. Baig2, H.-H. Le2, N.-Y. Chen3, W.-J. Lee3, C.-H. Wang1,*, K.-H. Kao2, M.-H. Chiang2, Y.-J. Lee4,**, Y.-H. Wang2,***, D. D. Lu2,****"Demonstration of Nanoscale Cryogenic Ferroelectric Independent-Double-Gate FinFET for High-Density Storage and Neuromorphic Computing", 51st IEEE European Solid-State Electronics Research Conference, 8-11/September/2025, at Munich, Germany
Wen-Huei Chu, Chao-Hung Wang*, Ting-Chun Wang, and Yung-Chuan Chuang, "An Investigation on WTe2-Based Conductive Bridge RAM for Low-power Applications", Symposium On Nano-Device Circuits And Technologies (SNDCT2025), 27-28/May/2025, at Taiwan Semiconductor Research Institute (TSRI), Hsinchu City, Taiwan
Chiu-Chang Cheng, Shih-Wei Liu, Chao-Hung Wang*, Sayani Majumdar, and Ya-Ning Chang, "An Investigation of Electronic Neuronal Time Constants on Spiking Neural Networks Performance", Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements (NICE 2025), 25-28/Mar./2025, at Heidelberg University, Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, European Institute for Neuromorphic Computing (EINC) Building, Heidelberg, Germany
Chiu-Chang Cheng, Hsiao-Hua Hsu, Ya-Ning Chang, Sayani Majumdar, and Chao-Hung Wang*, "Impact of Memory Device Time Constants on Spiking Neural Networks Performance", in International Electron Devices & Materials Symposium & Symposium on Nano-Device Circuits and Technologies 2024 (IEDMS&SNDCT 2024), 19-21/Aug./2024, Poster
Hsiao-Hua Hsu, Chao-Hung Wang*, Chuan-Pu Liu*, "Study on Proton-Transportation Behavior of Metal Oxide-based Electrochemical Synapse", in MRS-T International Conference 2023 (MRSTIC 2023), 17-20/Nov./2023 (Excellence Poster Award)
H. H. Hsu, T. Y. Liao, W. H. Chu, and C. H. Wang*, "Study on the Influence of the Interfacial Layers on the Performance of Lithium Cobalt Oxide-Based Electronic Synapse", in International Electron Devices & Materials Symposium 2023 (IEDMS 2023), 19-20/Oct./2023, Poster
Wen-Huei Chu, Chan Jang, Te-Yu Liao, Wei-An Chen, and Chao-Hung Wang, "An Investigation on Electrochemical-Ionic-Transport-Based Electronic Synapses for Adaptive Sensor Applications", in International Conference on Smart Sensors 2023 (ICSS 2023), 19-20/June/2023, Oral Presentation.
Te-Yu Liao, Chuan-Pu Liu, and Chao-Hung Wang, "Investigation on Ion Migration of an Electronic Synapse for Energy Efficient Neuromorphic Computing" in ISPlasma 2023, 5-9/March/2023, Poster
Yu-Liang Hsiao, Chen Jang, Yi-Miao Lin, Chao-Hung Wang, and Chuan-Pu Liu, "Investigation into Ultra-Low-Power Capacitive Piezo-tronic Force Sensor" in 2023 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting, 10-14/April/2023, Oral Presentation.
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Dai-Ying Lee, Chao-Hung Wang, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Yung-Han Ho, Erh-Kun Lai, Kuang-Hao Chiang, Hsiang-Lan Lung, Keh-Chung Wang, and Tseung-Yuen Tseng, "Excellent high temperature retention of TiOxNy ReRAM by interfacial layer engineering" in 2018 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application (VLSI-TSA).
CH Wang, FM Lee, YY Lin, PH Tseng, KC Hsu, DY Lee, MH Lee, HL Lung, KY Hsieh, KC Wang, and CY Lu, "Reliable and Low Forming Voltage RRAM Enabled by Contact Shrinking and Pre-Soldering Baking" in International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM) 2018.
Chao-Hung Wang, Kuang-Hao Chiang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Jau-Yi Wu, Yung-Han Ho, Erh-Kun Lai, Dai-Ying Lee, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Kuang-Yeu Hsieh, and Chih-Yuan Lu, "Filament control of field-enhanced WO x resistive memory toward low power applications" in 2017 International Symposium on VLSI Technology, Systems and Application (VLSI-TSA).
Y.-H. Lin, Y.-H. Ho, M.-H. Lee, C.-H. Wang, Y.-Y. Lin, F.-M. Lee, K.-C. Hsu, P.-H. Tseng, D.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Chiang, K.-C. Wang, T.-Y. Tseng*, and C.-Y. Lu, "A Si-Doped High-Performance WOx Resistance Memory Using a Novel Field-Enhanced Structure" in The 63rd IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, 2017.
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Yung-Han Ho, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Chao-Hung Wang, Yu-Yu Lin, Feng-Ming Lee, Kai-Chieh Hsu, Po-Hao Tseng, Dai-Ying Lee, and Kuang-Hao Chiang, "A comprehensive study of 3-stage high resistance state retention behavior for TMO ReRAMs from single cells to a large array" in 2017 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM).
Kuang-Hao Chiang, Erh-Kun Lai, Chao-Hung Wang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Po-Hao Tseng, Jau-Yi Wu, Ming-Hsiu Lee, Dai-Ying Lee, Yu-Yu Lin, Feng-Ming Lee, "A Si-Doped High-Performance WOx Resistance Memory Using a Novel Field-Enhanced Structure" in 2016 IEEE 8th International Memory Workshop (IMW).
專利 Patents
專利 Patents
鄭九彰, 王超鴻, "調控電子神經元膜電位漏電常數以提升脈衝式類神經網路辨識率之方法", 申請中
Yu-Hsuan Lin, and Chao-Hung Wang, "Operating method for semiconductor circuit," US Patent App. 17/195,712, 2021.
Ming-Hsiu Lee, and Chao-Hung Wang, "Semiconductor device for performing sum-of-product computation and operating method thereof," US Patent 10,970,044, 2021.
Yu-Hsuan Lin, and Chao-Hung Wang, "Semiconductor circuit and operating method for the same," US Patent 10,971,200, 2021.
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Chao-Hung Wang, and Ming-Hsiu Lee, "In-memory computing devices for neural networks," US Patent 11,138,497, 2021.
Chao-Hung Wang, Dai-Ying LEE, Kuang-Hao Chiang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, and Tsung-Ming Chen, "Resistive memory device and method for fabricating the same," US Patent App. 16/102,985, 2020.
Chao-Hung Wang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Ming-Liang WEI, and Dai-Ying LEE, "Memory device and operation method thereof," US Patent App. 16/522,986, 2020.
Chao-Hung Wang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, and Dai-Ying LEE, "Semiconductor structure and method for forming the same," US Patent App. 16/249,049, 2020.
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Yu-Yu Lin, Feng-Min Lee, Chao-Hung Wang, Po-Hao Tseng, and Kai-Chieh Hsu, "Multi-state memory device and method for adjusting memory state characteristics of the same," US Patent 10,482,953, 2019.
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