Perennial

Native range: Eastern North American coast

USDA Zones 4-8

Root and/or leaves are used for medicinal purposes

Sun requirements: Part shade (open forest, deciduous woods)

Soil requirements: moist, organically enriched soil

Space requirements: 2 feet tall, 3-4 feet wide

Possible companion plants: American ginseng, goldenseal, bloodroot and wild ginger underneath existing trees such as oaks, maples or hemlocks 

Water requirements: Water to keep soil evenly moist (as needed)

Starting: Sow directly in early spring. 

Harvesting: Fall Harvest. Harvest roots in fall 4-6 years after planting. In fall (Mid September to November), collect seeds in fall and directly sow into woodland soil before they dry out. Keep outside until spring for freeze-thaw cycles over winter.

Disease: Rust and leaf spots. To prevent, keep an eye on plants during humid times of year. To treat, wipe leaves with a baking powder - water solution. 

Perennial

Native range: northern Europe and North Eastern America

Seeds are used like cumin and leaves are used like parsely

USDA zones 4-8

Sun requirements: Full sun

Soil requirements: Slightly acidic soil (6.5 pH). Use sandy, loamy soil that is organically rich.

Space requirements: 15-60 cm tall, should be 18 inches apart

Possible companion plants: beans, eggplant, chilies, green peppers, potatoes, and peas

Water requirements: Keep soil constantly moist, but not wet (well drained)

Planting season: Once temperatures are above 60°F, generally from late April-early May in DC, direct sow. Sprinkle seeds and cover with sandy soil

Starting method: from seed

Harvest date: Harvest ripe seedheads in summer. Harvest leaves continually through October.

Common pests: Aphids, leaf miners, parsley worms, tarnished plant bugs

Common diseases: Early blight, leaf spot

Biennial

Native to mountains of Southern and central Europe

Leaves are used like parsley, while the seeds and roots can also be eaten

Grows in USDA zones 3-7

Sun requirements: partly shaded 

Soil requirements: Moist, well drained soil that is organically rich. Loamy soil that is roughly neutral.

Temperature: 55-65 F (13-18 C) 

Space requirements: Plant 6-8 inches apart 

Water frequency: As needed to keep soil moist 

Possible companion plants: mint, pansies, and radishes.

Planting season: Mid-late autumn. Plants will germinate in the spring. Can also sow in early spring

Starting method: from seed

Harvest date: Continual Harvest, generally throughout springtime. 

Very few! This plant is extremely hardy.