Embedded Files
HARDWARE DESIGNING
Arduino UNO
RFID Reader
RFID Tags
LCD
Breadboard
Potentiometer
LED
Resistor
USB cable and Connecting wires
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF ARDUINO UNO
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
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The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers, newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, etc. The Arduino UNO board is mostly used by the beginners that can use in electronics project and do programming in this board.
Features of ARDUINO:
The operating voltage is 5V
The recommended input voltage will range from 7v to 12V
The input voltage ranges from 6v to 20V
Digital input/output pins are 14
Analog i/p pins are 6
DC Current for each input/output pin is 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin is 50 mA
Flash Memory is 32 KB
SRAM is 2 KB
EEPROM is 1 KB
CLK Speed is 16 MHz
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF RFID READER
A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects. Radio waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader. The RFID reader is a network-connected device that can be portable or permanently attached. It uses radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag.
Once activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it is translated into data. The transponder is in the RFID tag itself.
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2.3 DESCRIPTION OF RFID TAGS
RFID tags are a type of tracking system that uses smart barcodes in order to identify items. RFID is short for “radio frequency identification”, and as such, RFID tags utilize radio frequency technology .
These radio waves transmit data from the tag to a reader, which then transmits the information to an RFID computer program. RFID tags are frequently used for merchandise, but they can also be used to track vehicles, pets, and even patients with Alzheimer’s disease. RFID cards are used for applications where tracking or identifying personnel is important or where access control is required. Various RFID frequency bands are utilized in cards today, including 125 kHz low frequency proximity, 13.56 MHz high frequency smart card and 860-960 MHz ultra-high frequency (UHF).
An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) system has an active reader, which transmits interrogator signals and also receives authentication replies from passive tags. An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has a small battery to power the tag's return reporting signal.
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2.4 DESCRIPTION OF LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystals in its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers and businesses, as they can be commonly found in smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and instrument panels.
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LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include light emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it. Where an LED emits light, the liquid crystal in an LCD produces an image using a backlight. As LCDs have replaced older display technologies, LCDs have begun being replaced by new display technologies such as OLEDs.
2.5 DESCRIPTION OF BREADBOARD
A breadboard (sometimes called a plug block) is used for building temporary circuits. A thin plastic board used to hold electronic components (transistors, resistors, chips, etc.) that are wired together. It is useful to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.
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2.6 DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIOMETER
The potentiometer is an instrument used for measuring the unknown voltage by comparing it with the known voltage. It can be used to determine the emf and internal resistance of the given cell and also used to compare the emf of different cells. The comparative method is used by the potentiometer. The potentiometer is used to accommodate the desires of the user in terms of screen brightness or screen contrast. It is typically used to implement a variable voltage divider which otherwise would require two resistors. In this case the potentiometer is used to provide a voltage at pin 3 that is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD. Many LCDs function very well when this voltage is around 0.4v
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2.7 DESCRIPTION OF LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.
LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the diode, minority charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction. On recombination, energy is released in the form of photons. Technically, LED bulbs aren't bulbs – LED stands for “light-emitting diode”. They're tiny semiconductors (diodes) wrapped in plastic to protect the elements and focus the light.
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2.8 DESCRIPTION OF RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor. A resistor is an electronic component with a fixed electrical resistance, such as 1 ohm , 10 ohm, 100 ohms, as well as. A conductor's resistance is its property that influences the amount of current which flows through it when a potential difference is introduced across the ends.
The resistor absorbs the electrical energy in the process where it acts as a hindrance to the flow of electricity by reducing the voltage, and it is dissipated as heat. In today's world of electronic circuits, the heat dissipation is typically a fraction of a watt. Filaments in incandescent bulbs are examples of a resistor, characterized by high electrical resistance. When current passes through it, its temperature increases enough to make it glow brightly.
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2.9 DESCRIPTION OF USB CABLE AND CONNECTING WIRES
A connecting wire is represented by a straight line. It is usually made of copper and is provided with insulation to make electrical connections between two points. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, allowing electricity to flow freely through it. As a result, it's employed to form wire connections. Copper has an extremely low electrical resistance when used as a connecting wire. Frequently used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototyping tools in order to make it easy without soldering.
Arduino is connected to the PC/Laptop using USB cable type A/B Standard USB 2.0 cable. The Data Pro USB A to B cable connects any standard host device (computer, hub, or controller) to any standard peripheral (printer, scanner, external drive). The 1594 series cable is a USB type 'A' to 'B' (host to device) cable.
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