Embedded Files
2.5.14.wavThe most important political unit was the village. Each village operated independently, although, on occasion, people from different villages gathered for celebrations or united against common enemies.
Trade fairs and festivals sometimes led to marriages between members of different villages. The number of relatives one had helped determine wealth and success. Kinship ties improved relationships between groups and extended the area where an individual could travel safely.
Groups had clearly defined territories. Foreigners crossed another's territory either by invitation or armed to fight. In summer, a general truce existed to allow people to travel between the coast and inland areas in search of food. Within village territories, hunting or fishing sites were not owned by individuals or families but rather by the community. Families owned their houses.
Traditional Territories
Social norms and behavior were all geared toward survival and compatibility among family-village groups. Eskimo society did not approve of individuals acquiring too much wealth. The wealthy were expected to redistribute what they owned to those in need. Today many Eskimo elders reminisce about the past, mentioning the strong value of sharing and helping one another in the villages of their youth.
Inupiaq Eskimo society is known for its egalitarianism. There were no formal chiefs, nobles, or slaves. Leadership and social rank were largely determined by an individual skills and achievements. Successful whaling captains or hunters usually become leaders.
Community decisions were based on consensus. To make decisions the opinions of influential persons would be sought, such as hunting or religious leaders. These persons were usually wealthy, but standing in the community did not always depend on wealth. Elders could be recognized for a history of making wise decisions.
Alutiiq Eskimos had a more developed social class system. Some families were considered nobles and leadership positions were inherited. Slaves were also taken. However, rank had to be maintained on a personal basis. A noble who did not live up to expectations would lose his status.
Members of a village decided reward and punishment when such actions were necessary. Rewards included community recognition. Village members would punish those who violated the rules of conduct of the village. Punishments included gossip, exclusion from community activities, or not being spoken to. The most serious form of punishment was banishment.
To navigate through the textbook, click on the next page button or go to the navigation menu on the top left.
Report abuse