Bibliography 

Annotated Bibliography (20 sources) 

AlJazeeraEnglish. “Inside Story - China in Africa: Investment or Exploitation?” YouTube, 

YouTube, 4 May 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=poPWsFGmKos.

This short video which includes interviews with a Chinese Premier, British Scholar and Tanzanian Local, explains the perspectives of all parties involved including the overbearing Americans, who actually play no role other than judgment. The British scholar shared that China is not imperialising Africa. The two countries have a mutualistic relationship, benefiting both parties, including overall development for Tanzania and economic and international relations growth for China. The Tanzanian who was interviewed noted that there should be more Tanzanian people in charge of the changes occurring, but spoke positively regarding the impact of Chinese presence. The Chinese Premier explained that America and the West need to lay aside judgment. After all, they were the original colonizers. I will implement this short news piece into my project using quotes and general opinions shared. The purpose of this source was not to have detailed facts, but rather real people, living out the effects of what I am discussing, and their opinions about it. 

Chang, Gordon G. “The Chinese Road Across the Serengeti.” Forbes, 2010, https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonchang/2010/09/17/the-chinese-road-across-the-serengeti/?sh=4491b84979a2. Accessed 7 March 2023.

This article about Chinese plans to build a road through the Serengetti in 2010 gives insight to their disregard for the natural environment as well as ignorant misuse of their position as major infrastructural creator in Tanzania. Fortunately, this plan did not go through, but it does show a weakness in Tanzanian mindset in terms of political leaders and their willingness to follow China in whatever direction they choose. Of course, in terms of conservation this road would have been disastrous for wildebeest and gazelle migrations, interfering with not only wildlife, but a major section of Tanzania’s Tourist economy, safari’s (wildlife observation). 

Forbes quoted NY times “It is a choice between the wrong kind of development and the right kind.” This article says exactly that and connects to my project debating how to best go about Tanzanian development. Structures and evidence of development do not always indicate proper progress. 

China Africa Research Initiative, www.sais-cari.org/. 

“Chinese Loans to Africa Database.” Homepage, 

www.bu.edu/gdp/chinese-loans-to-africa-database/.

This interactive map which includes data regarding Chinese Investment for every country in Africa, allowed me to compare investment models between Tanzania and other countries and look at the specific breakdown of funds coming from China into Tanzania. In the past roughly two decades, Tanzania has received 4.5 billion dollars in the form of 32 loans from China. Primarily these loans have gone to power, banking, and budgeting. These three things are all integral to becoming a developed nation, therefore as Tanzania develops and attempts to join the global stage, they need to strengthen government, finances and overall infrastructure. 

I used this data collection not only as a foundational part of my research, and for a general understanding of what funds were used for, but also to branch off of, using the company names and years provided to find specific case studies of individual loans and integrate them into my analysis. 

“Falling Apart – A story of the Tanzania Bagamoyo Port Project | ORF.” 15 September 2020, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/falling-apart-a-story-of-the-tanzanian-bagamoyo-port-project/. Accessed 7 March 2023.

In 20 years China has built about 100 ports in Africa. The Bagamoyo project proposed in the early 2010s, was labeled “a killer project” designed to “sell” Tanzania to China. President Kikewete at the time accepted this project even though the majority of citizens were against it. Magufugli, who followed, suspended the project and called for renegotiation. The current interim president Hassan has reworked the deal and now the port is set to be built in 2023. 

The initial negotiations of this project speak to China's intentions in Tanzania. They are trying to gain the most control and make the most profit they possibly can. They are simply trying to get the best deal wherever they can in Africa overall and Tanzania must be careful in making deals, so as not to sign away their sovereignty. 

Fujita, Maho. “Chinese Involvement in Tanzania and Its Local Impacts.” Bucknell Digital 

Commons, 9 May 2017, 

https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=honors_theses. Accessed 14 November 2022.

Maho Fujita, a Bucknell graduate, spent roughly two months in Tanzania conducting research regarding the impact on Tanzania and its development, from Chinese involvement, investment and what many Americans would call imperialism. In her paper, she contextualized the relationship between the two nation’s including history of the last 50 years connecting the why behind their highly integrated economies and what created that relationship. Conducting many interviews, she included the perspectives and opinions of Chinese investors and workers, Tanzanian locals, and even a few government officials. Largely the interactions between Chinese and Tanzanians is less than one may expect. Because Chinese workers isolate themselves and live in pods with each other, they spend little time with locals. This impersonal relationship is caused by the short-term nature of many of the projects that bring Chinese to Tanzania. Designed to create a short profit of a great size, there is apparent physical development shown in buildings and such, however, the actual money generated through these projects often primarily goes back to China. This paper has been highly useful to my research as a starting off point for diving into the interpersonal relations of Chinese and Tanzanians with specific interviews, as well as a great source for finding specific manifestations of development created by Chinese presence, such as the Kigamboni Bridge. 

Harris, Marielle. “One Year of Tanzanian President Hassan: What's Changed?” CSIS, 18 March 2022, https://www.csis.org/analysis/one-year-tanzanian-president-hassan-whats-changed. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Under an autocratic Magufuli, Tanzania suffered, regressing in economic and overall progress and moving into a period of stagnancy. Hassan has aimed to undo many of Magufugli’s barriers and policies aimed at deterring foreign investors. By opening up Tanzania through the private sector and public projects many locals view her leadership with “cautious optimism”. Along with many other things Magufugli largely shut down NGOs as well as the media in Tanzania, two things Hassan is working to bring back. Magufugli tried to isolate Tanzania, and Hassan is working tirelessly for the nation to rejoin the global community in a positive and productive way. Hassan’s policies have the potential to sustain through the coming years, but she must eliminate corrupt election tactics and continue to work hard for Tanzania. This article was important to my research because it highlights local perspectives regarding recent and current leadership, and gives insight to the current state and capability of Tanzania to fulfill their developmental goals. 

“Kigamboni bridge: Road toll model under siege.” The Citizen, 26 May 2022, 

https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/kigamboni-bridge-road-toll-model-under-siege-3828098. Accessed 30 January 2023.

From the average Tanzanian perspective, The Citizen, perfectly explains the thoughts and opinions of the general public regarding the Kigamboni Bridge. As a majorly important piece of infrastructure, people need the bridge to commute to and from work, however due to the falling of the Tanzanian shilling, many are bringing up the inconvenience and unfairness of the cost. The Tanzanian project represents progress with the help of China, but also elitism in terms of access. Many cannot afford the tolls and are calling for them to be abolished altogether. This article nicely juxtaposes the article above from the eagerly optimistic Chinese perspective about all the incredible change they have created. What that article fails to highlight however, is public opinion, hence the need for this article to fill in the gaps. Of course, people are grateful for the bridge, however the economic crisis, causes many to worry about the disparity created by projects such as this. 

Lamptey, Gadiosa. “Bagamoyo Port dream revived in new push.” The Citizen, 27 June 2021, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/bagamoyo-port-dream-revived-in-new-push-3452338. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Another article discussed why the Bagamoyo port project was stopped and this article explains how interim President Hassan was able to revive the billion dollar project. With an emphasis on benefitting Tanzanian citizens, which was not adequately outlined previously, Hassan has been negotiating with Tanzania and its citizens' best interests at heart. She also emphasized the need to invest in research and development for ICT (information and communication technology) to ensure the entire country industrializes. This port represents progress for the many, not the few, and Hassan is ensuring that the terms and conditions of the deal reflect that ideal. This article continues my case study of the Bagamoyo Project and specifically delves into Hassan’s personal contribution.

Mutambirwa, Bridget. China Africa Talk (Podcast). 2022, 2023. Apple Podcasts, China Plus.

After listening to five episodes of a Tanzanian podcast called China-Africa talk, I began to really understand the importance of the China-Africa and China-Tanzania relationship not just developmentally and globally, but in terms of culture, friendship, respect and education. China has poured resources into Africa, allowing African students to come to China and study STEM utilizing the extensive resources to do so in China. One episode noted that when Western countries refused to aid Africa in the pandemic and donate vaccines, China stepped in. There is a hint of a savior complex towards China coming from the Tanzanian podcasters, however that could just be my American (western) bias. Another couple episodes discussed the BRI (belt and road initiative), the modern day silk road for China, delving into the perspectives of different generations from both Chinese and Tanzanian citizens. The youth, in both countries, are largely unaware of the initiative which shows a gap that needs to be filled to the upcoming generations to continue to grow and cultivate this relationship. For the most part, this podcast paints CHinese presence in a positive light, highlighting all the opportunities they have created for Africa, which speaks to its bias, which must be taken into consideration. 

Nayar, Jaya. “Not So ‘Green’ Technology: The Complicated Legacy of Rare Earth Mining.” 

Harvard International Review, Harvard International Review, 12 Aug. 2021, hir.harvard.edu/not-so-green-technology-the-complicated-legacy-of-rare-earth-mining/#:~:text=Both methods produce mountains of,one ton of radioactive residue.

Rare earths are in almost every new technology of the modern world. From iPhones to Teslas, they are the key resource of the future. Naturally, there is a great demand for rare earths everywhere, and the demand will only increase. Because Rare earths are deposited in the Earth's crust in low concentrations in other minerals, the mining process, as one could imagine, is quite invasive and destructive because it is so hard to separate the rare earths from the other minerals. The irony is, much of the REE demand is coming from a push for “clean energy”. How can energy be considered clean when the mining process to extract it is so dirty? The name should describe the whole process, not just the end result. Currently the extraction process for rare earths damages communities, and contaminates the nearby area which affects public health and then economy and overall standard of living. This source dives into one aspect of sustainability that is less discussed. The developed world is trying to move towards clean energy at the expense of developing nations. Due to demand and manipulation countries like Tanzania are subject to the sway of the market meaning they must allow projects that help their economy most. This article is particularly useful because it specifically dives into rare earths, which will be a major aspect of the environmental chapter in my paper.

Okeowo, Alexis. “China in Africa: The New Imperialists?” The New Yorker, The New Yorker, 

12 June 2013, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/china-in-africa-the-new-imperialists.

This article, written by Alexis Okeowo, aims to dissect the complicated relationship between Africa and China under the wrath of the complicated American lens. Many positive results have come from China’s relationship with Africa, however, rapid growth and development has created corruption, labor abuse and criminal coverups. This begs the question: is China pushing too hard for rapid industrialization in Africa to serve their own national interests? The question is almost rhetorical because of course they are. What must then be evaluated is why do we (the world watching) care so much to step in and add our commentary. It’s not like we haven’t done the same thing for years, exploiting others to serve our (American) national interests. Our Western bias and current modern version of a cold war with China (capitalism vs. maoism) has led us to blame China and frame their relationship with Africa in such a negative light. No matter how biased, there is validity in this accusation, but it is crucial to first understand perspective before diving in. While creating developmental assistance for Africa, China’s profits and access to raw materials have increased exponentially, perhaps yielding jealousy from the west (Europe and the US). Many Africans are resentful and unhappy with this unbalanced relationship where they are at the mercy of the Chinese who somewhat the African government and the way citizens interact with their resources (ex: jobs and such). This article prompted me to add an element of complexity to my paper, as I am an American trying to navigate around the American perspective as I evaluate my research with little bias (I hope). It also led me to search for sources outside of American scholars, because actually my paper is about China and Tanzania and the only American thing about it is that I am writing it. 

Pairault, Thierry. “China's Presence in Africa Is at Heart Political.” – The Diplomat, For The 

Diplomat, 12 Aug. 2021, 

thediplomat.com/2021/08/chinas-presence-in-africa-is-at-heart-political/.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a modern version of the Silk Road, is China’s way of controlling the international market. As they help Africa, their global control grows, as they continue to manage more of the world's resources, especially raw materials such as rare earths in Africa. “Africa is the cornerstone of Chinese diplomacy.” Another reason China has established relations with Africa through cooperational organizations such as FOCAC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation) is to push the West out of the international spotlight. After years of tension, China knows they will not be protected by the West and by controlling the upcoming market. By allying with developing nations with potential for power and influence such as Tanzania, they are manufacturing a safety net so that Western sanctions and other actions will not affect them. They are also demonstrating their commitment to helping poorer nations in the long -term through their decades long relationships with African countries such as Tanzania. This article establishes China’s political strategic reasoning for wanting to yield control and be a foreign partner to Africa’s development. Now, with this source, I have both sides’ motivations in this partnership.  

Shobande, Olatunji Abdul, and Lawrence Ogbeifun. “Sustainable Blueprint: Do Stock Investors 

Increase Emissions?” Journal of Risk and Financial Management, vol. 15, no. 2, Feb. 

2022, p. 70. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15020070.

The stock market has the potential to and already has critically affected climate policy, affected carbon emissions and affected environmental quality. The stock market drives environmental action in the modern era, because change needs financing. Because China is funding African development and the establishment of infrastructure and has the second largest economy in the world, they hold the power to manipulate the stock market and determine environmental action for the foreseeable future in Africa. EHM (Efficient Market Hypothesis) is a theory that states when new information reaches the stock market it is immediately reflected in stock value and therefore the current prices available information. Based on this theory, the instability of the stock market in developing countries is reflective of political, social, economic and environmental instability, which fluctuates constantly thus creating an unpredictable market that is largely impenetrable for outside investors trying to value the worth of joining the market. When they do join the market, these investors are inherently creating more instability by adding to the demanding market, thus creating a negative cycle that stunts economic growth and leaves many empty-handed. This article articulates China’s motivations and specific malleability of the global market including vulnerabilities for developing countries in Tanzania. For example, China’s interests are at heart to serve themselves, yet they are creating positive change in Tanzania, even though there are numerous negative side effects. Given Tanzania’s limited economy, their only option is foreign investors and China has always been a great ally to them. 

“Tanzania's new president – a chance to revitalize climate policy - Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment.” London School of Economics, 29 March 2021, https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/tanzanias-new-president-a-chance-to-revitalise-climate-policy/. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Hassan’s predecessor, the late President Magufugli set Tanzanian back in terms of climate policy as his developmental plans and economic reliance was largely based on fossil fuels. He never acknowledged climate change. In recent studies, it has been noted that it is both economically and technically possible for Tanzania to be renewable and self-reliant in terms of  energy. This would align Tanzania with the Paris Climate Accord and various UN SDGs. 

Aligning with Magufugli’s goal for people to live better lives and for the country to develop economically and infrastructurally, Hassan has taken this goal a step further and is creating all of this change whilst also considering and implementing changes to his plan that address climate change. Her values and goals align with the proposal and action piece in my project which essentially outlines a sovereign, developed, sustainable Tanzania. 

“United Republic of Tanzania .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.” Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/tanzania. Accessed 13 February 2023.

This source identifies and outlines Tanzania’s SDG goals through the United nations. Broken up into three categories the sustainable goals were labeled as successfully in progress, achievable in the coming years with added effort, and a significant stretch that would  require much more international support and local effort. The goals that align with my project most are seven (affordability and clean energy), eight (decent work and economic growth), nine (industry, innovation and infrastructure), and eleven (sustainable cities and communities). The UNidentified goal eight as having made progress and goals seven, nine and eleven as being likely attainable with added efforts on both the domestic and international fronts. Unpacking the specific goals that apply to Tanzania and this project and the status of the achievability of those goals has helped me understand China’s role in filling international support as well as which areas Tanzania is most desperate for help in. 

Van Mead, Nick. “China in Africa: win-win development, or a new colonialism?” The Guardian, 31 July 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jul/31/china-in-africa-win-win-development-or-a-new-colonialism. Accessed 7 March 2023.

A large part of full-filling China’s longterm BRI project includes building ports. Bagamoyo is a major project in furthering China’s control over the international market and economy. This article describes why locals near the site of the port are optimistic about what is symbolizes as well as its practical presence in their community. It will be the largest port in Africa, giving Tanzania the opportunity to be not only a major leader for the African Continent but also for the global community. Many locals have been compensated to be pushed out by the plans for an international airport as well as other pieces of infrastructure in parallels with the port. 

The fishermen, who are the most affected by the implementation of this project, and are getting the worst end of the deal with not enough compensation for what they are losing are still optimistic. They have faith that the wealth will trickle down and are proud to be citizens of a nation on the way up the ranks in international influence. This speaks to Tanzanian morale overall and possibly their naivety caused by blind faith for a better future seen by development. Many are not considering the negative long-term effects that won’t be apparent for decades. 

Vincent Konadu Tawiah, Abdulrasheed Zakari, Irfan Khan, The environmental footprint of China-Africa engagement: An analysis of the effect of China – Africa partnership on carbon emissions, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 756, 2021, 143603, ISSN 0048-9697

As many developed nations are now seeing the environmental effects of rapid industrialization, Tanzania and Africa overall are experiencing the same trend. The difference is that the world is aware of these effects and how they are caused, so it is irresponsible of China to implement projects that destroy the environment, yet it is too expensive to be completely sustainable. The trend identified in this paper is that largely all foreign investors create pollution-intensive projects in countries other than their own because the effects do not directly impact them and it is more cost-effective to execute cheap and dirty projects. These overall trends explain China’s environmental presence in Tanzania and the data can be applied to show that it is not only China, but most FDIs in general, disproving the American assumption that China is the only negative foreign investor. 

Wang, HE. China's Development and Its Significance for Africa and the World, 6 April 2019, 

http://tz.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgbx/201904/t20190406_6095824.htm. Accessed 30 January 2023.

This Chinese source uses the Kigamboni bridge as an example to explain China’s leadership in global development. Articulating that China is shaping the future for international peace and growth, the article explains its future plans to carry out its leadership, in particular with Tanzania. This will be executed through a five year development plan and including Tanzania in some of the major global trading fairs (China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition in April, the China-Africa Economic and Trade Expo in June and the Second China International Import Expo in November). The article states that public infrastructure projects such as this funded by the private sector “ prove that the Belt and Road is a road towards peace, prosperity, openness, innovation and common development.” In bolstering China’s role as an international leader, this article somewhat exaggerates the positive impact the toll bridge has created. This article is highly useful as it brings in a Chinese perspective to one of my major case studies within the realm of Chinese investment in Tanzania. Because Kigamboni bridge serves as a common symbol for this relationship, it seemed necessary to have all perspectives. This article juxtaposed with the one below creates a nice contrast and is great for my analysis. 

Wang, Xiaoliang, et al. “Complementary Development between China and Sub-Sahara Africa: 

Examining China’s Mining Investment Strategies in Africa.” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 

21, Oct. 2021, p. 11678. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111678.

Written by scholars working in Chinese development, this article aims to address China’s motivations, models, and effects while mining in Africa. China is motivated by a future of success. To get there, they need efficient and effective development. By exploring new markets and resource suppliers they can support their ambition of modern industrialization and becoming THE number one global power. Investment and alliance with Africa is an integral part of China's modern economic development plan. As their future is on the line, many factors affect the decision to invest (particularly for mining) in a specific area. Political stability and local legal restrictions are driving components that determine if a specific area is “worth the time and money” in order to obtain return on investment. Largely, the OFDI (Outward Foreign Direct Investment) is the body making these decisions, and they are certainly out for the best deal. They are uninterested in what will help Africa the most, but rather focus on what will be best for China, alone. Because China was late to the game in modern development, economically, politically, and in terms of industrialization, they were able to integrate global investment into the economy and their economic development. Simply because they were “catching up”, China had the advantage of seeing the overall picture that was already established and were able to plan how they wanted to fit into the picture and dynamic, and more importantly how they wanted to change that to suit their needs. This study uses specific models to emulate the ways in which China is slowly taking control of African resources and therefore its economy. This furthers my thesis that China has a parasitic relationship with Africa, and by extension Tanzania, because it dives into the gritty details of policy and foreign investment using China and Africa as a case study. 

Zweig, David, and Project Muse. Internationalizing China: Domestic Interests and Global
Linkages. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2018.

With an emphasis on how to control rapid development after “the door has been opened”, this book articulates how China’s rapid development has been impressive yet has the potential to create a negative impact of substantial size. Explaining the specifics of Chinese investment, this book used graphs, statistics and well-explained econ terminology to elaborate on not just where and how money is invested from China, but where it is coming from in China. For example, China owns nearly 10% of world bank projects globally which are located in the central provinces and coast of China. This source helped me to understand more of the Chinese perspective in terms of investing. It also gave me background information of China’s recent economic history so I can then apply it to contextualizing their investments and actions in Tanzania. 

Works Cited

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Akol, Akol Nyok, and Bradley A. Thayer. “Takeover Trap: Why Imperialist China Is Invading Africa.” The National Interest, 10 July 2019, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/takeover-trap-why-imperialist-china-invading-africa-66421. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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Chang, Gordon G. “The Chinese Road Across the Serengeti.” Forbes, 2010, https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonchang/2010/09/17/the-chinese-road-across-the-serengeti/?sh=4491b84979a2. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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Fujita, Maho. “Chinese Involvement in Tanzania and Its Local Impacts.” Bucknell Digital Commons, 9 May 2017, https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=honors_theses. Accessed 20 January 2023.

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Hance, Jeremy, and Rhett A. Butler. “Regional court kills controversial Serengeti Highway.” Mongabay, 23 June 2014, https://news.mongabay.com/2014/06/regional-court-kills-controversial-serengeti-highway/. Accessed 27 February 2023.

Harris, Marielle. “One Year of Tanzanian President Hassan: What's Changed?” CSIS, 18 March 2022, https://www.csis.org/analysis/one-year-tanzanian-president-hassan-whats-changed. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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“Inside Story- China in Africa: investment or exploitation?” YouTube, Aljazeera, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poPWsFGmKos. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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“Kigamboni bridge: Road toll model under siege.” The Citizen, 26 May 2022, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/kigamboni-bridge-road-toll-model-under-siege-3828098. Accessed 30 January 2023.

Kinyondo, Abel. “IS CHINA RECOLONIZING AFRICA? Some Views from Tanzania.” World Affairs, 2019. Academia.

Lamtey, Gadiosa. “Bagamoyo Port dream revived in new push.” The Citizen, 27 June 2021, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/bagamoyo-port-dream-revived-in-new-push-3452338. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Lamtey, Gadiosa. “Bagamoyo Port dream revived in new push.” The Citizen, 27 June 2021, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/bagamoyo-port-dream-revived-in-new-push-3452338. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Lee, Ching Kwan. “Raw Encounters: Chinese Managers, African Workers and the Politics of Casualization in Africa's Chinese Enclaves.” UCLA Social Sciences, UCLA, 2009, https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/CKLee/Raw%20Encounters%20CQ%202009.pdf. Accessed 29 April 2023.

“Li Keqiang Meets with President Samia Suluhu Hassan of Tazania.” 3 November 2022, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202211/t20221104_10800430.html. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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Mutambirwa, Bridget. China Africa Talk (Podcast). 2022, 2023. Apple Podcasts, China Plus.

Nayar, Jaya, and Theo J. Harper. “Not So “Green” Technology: The Complicated Legacy of Rare Earth Mining.” Harvard International Review, 12 August 2021, https://hir.harvard.edu/not-so-green-technology-the-complicated-legacy-of-rare-earth-mining/. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Nelson, Alex. “Bagamoyo Port construction to start in 2023.” The Citizen, 24 September 2022, https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/bagamoyo-port-construction-to-start-in-2023-3960166. Accessed 7 March 2023.

Oke, Adenike. “China's investment in Africa: Everything you need to know - BBC Africa.” YouTube, 26 June 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrVzFSXqn3w. Accessed 27 April 2023.

Okeowo, Alexis. “China in Africa: The New Imperialists?” The New Yorker, 12 June 2013, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/china-in-africa-the-new-imperialists. Accessed 7 March 2023.

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