KY SCIENCE STANDARDS

Code Ideas

PS1.A Structure and Properties of Matter

• • Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other.

  • In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations.

  • The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described as predicted using these models of matter.

  • Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms.

  • Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals).

PS3.A Definitions of Energy

• • The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary)

  • The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system’s material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system’s total thermal energy.

Cross Cutting Concepts

Cause and Effect (MS-PS1-4)

• Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems.

Scale, Proportion and Quantity (MS-PS1-1)

• Time, space and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small.

NGSS STANDARDS and Learning Targets

PS1-1 Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

PS1-4 Develop a model that predicts and describes particle motion, temperature and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

PS 1-1

• I can develop a model that differentiates between a molecule and a compound.

• I can identify the properties of different elements on the periodic table and explain the relationships between elements and their characteristics.

PS 1-4

• I can develop a model and use evidence of cause and effect to predict how particles will react when thermal energy is added or removed.