Ad hominem: A personal attack to an individual or a group which deviates from the main thesis;

Appeal to authority: The author appeals to an authority or a group consensus to support their thesis, without further evidence;

Appeal to emotion: It involves the use of negative or positive personal emotions (e.g., shame, indignation, pity, or affection) to intentionally or unintentionally influence the audience;

Causal oversimplification: It involves a simplified and fallacious causal relation;

Cherry picking: It consists of choosing evidence to support a thesis while ignoring any other contrary evidence;

Circular reasoning: An error of circularity in which the end of an argument comes back to the beginning without having proven itself;

Doubt: It is used to intentionally question the credibility of someone or something;

Evading the burden of proof: A thesis is advanced without any support as if it was self-evident, meaning that one or more arguments are missing in the argument structure;

False analogy: It occurs when two different things or situations are placed on the same level because they are supposed to share similar aspects;

False dilemma: It presents only two options or sides when there are many;

Flag waving: It occurs when the author intentionally plays on a sense of belonging to a country, a group, or an ideology to support an argument, as if waving a flag;

Hasty generalization: It occurs when a generalization is drawn from a sample which is too small, not representative, or not applicable to the whole situation if all the variables are taken into account;

Loaded language: It involves using words or phrases with strong emotional implications (either positive or negative) to influence the audience;

Name calling or labeling: It involves labeling something or someone positively or negatively to influence the audience, for example associating it with an ideology;

Red herring: The argument supporting the claim diverges the attention to issues which are irrelevant for the claim at hand;

Slippery slope: It implies that an exaggerated consequence could result from a particular action;

Slogan: It consists of a brief and striking phrase that is used to provoke excitement of the audience;

Strawman: It consists of distorting someone else's argument and then tearing it down. The arguer misinterprets an opponent's argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes it, and then concludes that the opponent's real argument has been demolished;

Thought-terminating cliché: It consists of a short and generic phrase that discourages critical thought and meaningful discussion;

Vagueness: It is found when ambiguous words are shifted in meaning in the process of arguing or are left vague, being potentially subject to skewed interpretations.