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The articles and literature below set the basics for dual language education policies and practices.
1. Recommended Reading List.pdfRecommended Reading List
Recommended Reading List
A list of key literature and research related to bilingual education in the United States
2. US Department of Education- State Policies on DLI programs.pdfUS Department of Education- State Policies on Education in Schools
US Department of Education- State Policies on Education in Schools
Offers an analysis of state policies for DLI programs throughout the US including standards, assessments and program evaluation practices; teacher qualification and professional development; state level support for dual language programming
3. American Academy of Arts and Science -State of Languages in US.pdfAmerican Academy of Arts and Science- State of Languages in the United States
American Academy of Arts and Science- State of Languages in the United States
From the Commission on Language Learning, a portrayal of language learning in the United States through a series of statistics and graphs
4. American Academy of Arts and Sciences-Investing in Language Education.pdfAmerican Academy of Arts and Science- Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century
American Academy of Arts and Science- Investing in Language Education for the 21st Century
Research from the Commission on Language Learning analyzing the state of language learning in the United States, completed with a series of recommendations focusing on five capacity-building goals.
5. Brown University Toolkit for Two-Way (Spanish) Immersion.pdfBrown University Toolkit for Two-Way (Spanish) Immersion
Brown University Toolkit for Two-Way (Spanish) Immersion
A thorough toolkit from the Education Alliance at Brown University directed at teachers, parents and administrators involved with two-way immersion programs. Includes resources for classroom instruction and parental involvement.
Useful Links and websites.docxUseful Links and Webistes
Useful Links and Webistes
A non-exhaustive list of useful websites and online articles.
DLI Glossary:
This website uses the term French DLI to encompass the variety of French Dual Language and Immersion programs existing across the United States.
50/50: An immersion program model in which English and the partner language are each used for 50% of instruction at all grade levels.
For French, this is the model commonly used in Utah, but also in California, New York, and the Midwest.
90/10: An immersion program model in which students are instructed 90% of the time in the partner language and 10% in English during the first year or two, with the amount of English instruction gradually increasing each year until English and the partner language are each used for 50% of instruction (generally by third grade).
For French, this model is mostly used in Louisiana.
DUAL LANGUAGE: A program in which the language goals are full bilingualism and biliteracy in English and a partner language, students study language arts and other academic content (math, science, social studies, arts) in both languages over the course of the program, the partner language is used for at least 50% of instruction at all grades, and the program lasts at least 5 years (preferably K-12). The Center for Applied Linguistics and other institutions use this term as an umbrella term that includes two-way immersion, foreign language immersion, heritage language immersion, and developmental bilingual programs. Throughout the U.S., it is frequently used synonymously with two-way immersion.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE IMMERSION: A dual language program in which students are primarily native English speakers learning a foreign language.
This is the most common model for French dual language in the United States.
HERITAGE LANGUAGE IMMERSION: A dual language program in which students are primarily English speakers with some proficiency in or with a cultural connection to the partner language through family, community, or country of origin.
For French, this is the case in New York and in Louisiana.
SIDE-BY-SIDE MODEL: A way of distributing languages for instruction in dual language programs in which students are instructed in one room by an English teacher and in another room by a partner language teacher. Students move between the two classrooms for instruction. Teachers generally teach exclusively in one language to two groups of students.
This is the most common instruction model for 50/50 programs.
TWO-WAY IMMERSION (TWI): A dual language program in which both native English speakers and native speakers of the partner language are enrolled, with neither group making up more than two-thirds of the student population.
For French, most of Two-Way Immersion programs are based in New York, where there is a large community of French native speakers.
Source: Glossary of Terms Related to Dual Language/TWI in the United States. CAL. Retrieved from: http://www.cal.org/twi/glossary.htm
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