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Dyslexia is a learning disability in which letters appear to float and change places, which makes reading and language-related tasks more difficult (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).
DSM Criteria for Dyslexia (NIH, n.d.; Cleveland Clinic, 2023)
To meet the diagnosis criteria, persons must have persistent difficulties in reading and writing, have academic skills below their age level, have symptoms that start during school age years, and have symptoms that are not better explained by other disorders (e.g. motor disorders, sensory disorders) and have many of the following symptoms:
Difficulty spelling simple words.
Trouble learning the names of letters.
Problems telling apart letters with similar shapes, such as “d” and “b” or “p” and “q.”
Trouble rhyming.
Reluctance to read aloud in class.
Trouble sounding out new words.
Trouble associating sounds with letters or parts of words.
Trouble learning how sounds go together.
Mixing up the position of sounds in a word.
Facts about Dyslexia (The Yale Center, 2022)
Dyslexia affects 20% of the population worldwide and represents 80% to 90% of all those with learning disabilities
Dyslexia is common for both boys and girls, however, more boys are referred by teachers for evaluation
Dyslexia is not a visual disorder, but a problem accessing the sound of spoken language, therefore no form of glasses can help individuals with dyslexia.
Potential causes for Dyslexia: (Cleveland Clinic. 2023)
What causes dyslexia?
What causes dyslexia?
The exact cause of dyslexia isn’t clear. However, several clues hint at how and why most cases happen: genetics, differences in brain development, brain infections/damage.
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Genetics: (Cleveland Clinic. 2023)
Dyslexia is highly genetic and runs in families. A child with one parent with dyslexia has a 30% to 50% chance of inheriting it. Genetic conditions like Down syndrome can also make dyslexia more likely to happen.
Differences in brain development and function: (Cleveland Clinic. 2023)
If you have dyslexia, you’re neurodivergent. That means your brain formed or works differently than expected. Research shows people with dyslexia have differences in brain structure, function and chemistry.
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Disruptions in brain development and function: (Cleveland Clinic. 2023)
Infections, toxic exposures and other events can disrupt fetal development and increase the odds of later development of dyslexia.
Important Vocab (The Reading Well, n.d.).
Acquired dyslexia: Dyslexia resulting from trauma, injury, or disease to the parts of the brain that control reading and writing.
Irregular words: Words that do not have normal and established patterns of sound and spelling and are read as single units rather than as a combination of sounds and letters.
Over-learning: Repetitive practice beyond mastery to enable effortless use of skills.
Phonological deficit: Difficulty decoding or assembling words based on their sounds.
Risk Factors for Dyslexia (Mayo Clinic, 2022)
Trouble learning: dyslexia is a major disadvantage in most classes, this leads children with dyslexia to have trouble keeping up with peers over a basic skill
Social problems: low self esteem, behavior problems, anxiety, depression, and withdrawal from peers are all impacts of leaving dyslexia untreated
Problems as adults: long term educational, social, and economic can hinder a child's full potential due to an inability to read and comprehend growing up.
Children with dyslexia have a higher chance of developing ADHD as well. It becomes way harder to treat dyslexia when symptoms of ADHD are involved.
Common Comorbid Disorders (FCPS; n.d.)
Common Comorbid Disorders (FCPS; n.d.)
ADHD
dysgraphia
dyscalculia
speech/ language disorders
executive functioning disorder
anxiety disorders
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Famous People with Dyslexia:
(Ultimate List: Famous People with Dyslexia, 2024)
Kiera Knightly
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Jennifer Aniston
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A Short Overview of Dyslexia
https://youtu.be/zafiGBrFkRM?feature=shared
Treatments for Dyslexia (Mayo Clinic, 2022)
There is no medication you can use to treat dyslexia, however, there are techniques you can use to help manage it:
Reading aloud to build accuracy, speed, and expression
Building a vocabulary of recognized and understood words
Learning to understand the sounds that make up words
Seek evaluation and instructional help with reading and writing
Study finds that kids with dyslexia and dyscalculia struggle with memory.
Layes (2022) investigated the impact dyslexia and dyscalculia had on memory. He had 64 kids who were around 10 years old tested children with dyslexia, dyscalculia, and neither of the two with visual and verbal memory related tasks. The children would be tested on their ability to remember spoken numbers, remembering and repeating numbers in reverse order, and remembering a shape and picking it out of a group. It was found that kids with dyslexia had the most trouble with holding on to spoken words while kids with dyscalculia struggled more with remembering images and shapes. This study suggested that dyslexia and dyscalculia are connected to memory problems.
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