An important aspect of validating the smart syringe's ability is to ensure there is a proper way to assess cellular viability. LIVE/DEAD staining is a widely used way to access cellular viability. However, the current issue with using LIVE/DEAD stains is that current protocols require cells to be in tissue formed or fixed to a surface allowing for washing of excess die. When cells are suspended in an alginate-based bioink,  is it not feasible to wash away excess die due to washing away the alginate in the bioink with it.  As a result, I developed a protocol specific for cells suspended in phosphate-buffered saline or alginate to better quantity cellular viability in a way that is feasible for bioprinting. 

All data collected using the smart syringe has been compiled into a singular data set where surfaces of best fit were generated at key frequencies: 10 kHz, 1 MHz, and 10 MHz. These plains have shown statistical significance in representing the data for varying viability and concentrations. Currently, these planes are being used in an ongoing research project to determine the smart syringe's capability of predicting cellular viabilities and concentrations from given impedance values.