“F” – lightly bite your bottom lip and blow. Your voice is turned off.
“V” - lightly bite your bottom lip and blow. Your voice is turned on.
“P”- Put your lips together and push air out. Your voice is turned off.
“B”- Put your lips together and push air out. Your voice is turned on.
“T”- Put the tongue up behind the top teeth. Turn off your voice.
“D”- Put your tongue up behind your top teeth. Turn on your voice.
“K”- Put the back of the tongue up to touch the soft palate, tongue tip is down. Turn off your voice.
“G”- Put the back of the tongue up to touch the soft palate, tongue tip is down. Turn on your voice.
“Sh”- Purse your lips, put your back teeth together and blow. As a visual cue you can put your finger to your lips like you are telling someone to be quiet. Turn off your voice.
“Ch”- This is the sound a train makes. Your voice is turned off, and your back teeth go together as you make this choppy sound.
"J" - This is similar to the 'ch' sound. Your voice is turned on, and your back teeth go together as you make this choppy sound.
“S” – Turn off your voice, put your tongue behind your top teeth and softly blow air out. You can put your back teeth together, if that helps.
“Z”- Turn on your voice, put your tongue behind your top teeth and blow. Close your teeth, if that helps.
“M”- Put your lips together and turn your voice on. Humming sound.
“N”- Put your tongue up behind your top teeth, open your lips, and turn your voice on.
"Th" - Stick your tongue between your teeth and blow. There are two variations of this same sound: the first voice is on, and the second voice is off.
The hardest sounds are L and R.
“L”- Put your tongue up behind your top teeth. Strongly emphasize that the tongue goes up. Pointing to your top teeth as you demonstrate this sound helps emphasize the tongue position.
“R” – “Smile” while you say this sound. Use the back of your tongue, not your lips to make a good “r” sound. The back of the tongue goes up in the back while making this sound.