Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully aquatic placental marine mammals. As an informal and colloquial grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder Cetacea, i.e. all cetaceans apart from dolphins and porpoises. Dolphins and porpoises may be considered whales from a formal, cladistic perspective. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order Cetartiodactyla, which consists of even-toed ungulates. Their closest non-cetacean living relatives are the hippopotamuses, from which they and other cetaceans diverged about 54 million years ago. The two parvorders of whales, baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti), are thought to have had their last common ancestor around 34 million years ago. Mysticetes include four extant (living) families: Balaenopteridae (the rorquals), Balaenidae (right whales), Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale), and Eschrichtiidae (the grey whale). Odontocetes include the Monodontidae (belugas and narwhals), Physeteridae (the sperm whale), Kogiidae (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and Ziphiidae (the beaked whales), as well as the six families of dolphins and porpoises which are not considered whales in the informal sense. Whales are fully aquatic, open-ocean animals: they can feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb) dwarf sperm whale to the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons) blue whale, which is the largest known animal that has ever lived. The sperm whale is the largest toothed predator on Earth. Several whale species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the females are larger than males. Baleen whales have no teeth; instead, they have plates of baleen, fringe-like structures that enable them to expel the huge mouthfuls of water they take in while retaining the krill and plankton they feed on. Because their heads are enormous—making up as much as 40% of their total body mass—and they have throat pleats that enable them to expand their mouths, they are able to take huge quantities of water into their mouth at a time. Baleen whales also have a well-developed sense of smell. Toothed whales, in contrast, have conical teeth adapted to catching fish or squid. They also have such keen hearing—whether above or below the surface of the water—that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species, such as sperm whales, are particularly well adapted for diving to great depths to catch squid and other favoured prey.

鲸，又称为鲸鱼，是海洋哺乳动物鲸下目中部分生物的通称。鲸下目又分为须鲸小目（Mystacoceti）和齿鲸小目（Odontoceti）。是用肺呼吸。在日常语言中，常将鲸和海豚（以及淡水豚）分开，但在动物学中它们同属于一个系群。海豚科属于齿鲸小目，该小目中有抹香鲸及虎鲸等；而以鲸须替代牙齿，利用鲸须过滤水中浮游生物进食的须鲸小目，有座头鲸及现存地球上最大的动物蓝鲸等。虽然鲸常常被称为「鲸鱼」，并且「鲸」是鱼字旁的汉字，但鲸并不属于鱼类，而是哺乳类动物的一种。 鲸的尺寸可以由只有1.2米长的毛伊海豚，到长34米重达190吨的蓝鲸，后者也是地球上最大的生物。一些种类表现出性别差异，雌性体型比雄性体型更大。鲸拥有流线型的身体和鳍状的一对前肢。虽然不像海豹一样敏捷，鲸鱼也能以20节的速度巡游。须鲸用喉咙上的皱褶来扩展它们的嘴，以便吞咽大口的海水。露脊鲸摄取的海水占它百分之四十的体重。齿鲸则有尖锥状的牙齿，用于捕捉乌贼和鱼类。须鲸在海洋中拥有发达的“嗅觉”，而齿鲸拥有敏锐的听觉。鲸的嗅觉之发达，可以同时活跃于水上和水下的环境，以至于有的鲸甚至在瞎了以后仍能生存。 数世纪以来，鲸经常被作为桌上佳肴或是工业产品的原料。然而，到了20世纪中叶，鲸的数量已经因为捕鲸工业的盛行而锐减，成为了濒临绝种的生物。所幸现阶段大多数国家都已经在八零年代签下全球禁捕令，停止捕鲸工业的持续发展（日本于 2019 年重新开启商业捕鲸活动）。