Embedded Files
Intended Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
Define the types of swine diseases.
Explain the importance of disease prevention and control to swine health.
Analyze to solve a swine problem in a given real-world situation.
Definition of Terms:
Autogenous
is produced independently of external influence or aid : endogenous.
Bacteremia
is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Blood is normally a sterile environment, so the detection of bacteria in the blood is always abnormal.
Biosecurity
refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful organisms to animals and plants in order to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious disease.
Brachyspira hyodsenteriae
a gram-negative anaerobic spirochete, is the primary etiologic agent of swine dysentery and is one of five Brachyspira spp. known to infect swine (Boye et al., 1998).
Brucella suis (B. Suis)
is a bacterium that causes swine brucellosis, a zoonosis that affects pigs. The disease typically causes chronic inflammatory lesions in the reproductive organs of susceptible animals or orchitis, and may even affect joints and other organs.
Costicosteroids
such as prednisone and cortisone, are a class of drugs that can effectively reduce inflammation.
Herpesvirus
is a large family of DNA viruses that cause infections and certain diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses.
Pathogen
a specific causative agent (such as a bacterium or virus) of disease
Staphlococcus hyicus
is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacterium in the genus Staphylococcus. It consists of clustered cocci and forms white circular colonies when grown on blood agar. S. hyicus is a known animal pathogen. It causes disease in poultry, cattle, horses, and pigs.
Motivation
Click on the motivation activity no. 10 to answer.
Lesson Content
Common Pig/Swine Diseases
This pig diseases guide is a reference list of pig diseases commonly encountered. It is not intended as an aid for diagnosing pig diseases but is intended to provide basic information about diseases that pork producers should be aware of. We recommend consulting a veterinarian for diagnosing, treating and controlling disease in the pig herd. The recognition of disease is extremely important to keep adverse effects on production and economic losses to a minimum.
When an antibiotic is used to treat and control a disease, the user must understand the reasons for its use, the correct dose rate and the antibiotic's withholding period (the minimum period that must elapse between the last use of the antibiotic and the slaughter of the treated animal). Where antibiotics are listed in this guide, the abbreviations following them stand for:
I - injectable
O - oral
W - in-water medication
F - in-feed medication.
Other chemicals, such as miticides, wormers and others, also have withholding periods that must be heeded to prevent the detection of chemical residues in pork.
Where vaccines for the prevention of disease are listed, they must be used according to manufacturers' recommendations or optimum vaccine antibody protection will not be produced and disease breakdowns may occur.
Table 1. Diseases of the pre-weaning period
Table 2. Diseases of the post-weaning period
Table 3. Diseases of breeder Pigs
African Swine Fever (ASF)
African swine fever is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs of all ages. ASF is not a threat to human health and cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. It is not a food safety issue. ASF is found in countries around the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
Anyone who works with pigs should be familiar with the signs of ASF:
High fever
Decreased appetite and weakness
Red, blotchy skin or skin lesions
Diarrhea and vomiting
Coughing and difficulty breathing
Classical Swine Fever
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious and economically significant viral disease of pigs. The severity of the illness varies with the strain of the virus, the age of the pig, and the immune status of the herd.
Pigs are infected by the oral or nasal routes but can also enter via other mucus membranes as well as skin abrasions. CSF can be transmitted to healthy pigs coming into contact with contaminated vehicles, pens, feed, or clothing. Feeding swine untreated food wastes containing infected pork scraps can cause infection, making raw garbage feeding a major risk for CSF incursion into swine herds.
Signs of CSF vary with the strain of classical swine fever virus and the age and susceptibility of the pigs. High fever, huddling, constipation followed by diarrhea and reddened eyes are often seen. The skin may show hemorrhages with discoloration of the ears, abdomen or inner thighs. Young pigs may have in coordination, or weakness. The disease can adversely affect reproduction with sows aborting or delivering stillborn or malformed piglets. Milder forms of virus or infection in partially immune pigs may exhibit mild or no symptoms and yet still harbor and spread the virus.
Swine Brucellosis
Swine brucellosis is an infectious disease of swine caused by Brucella suis (B. suis) biovars 1 or 3. Swine exposed to B. suis develop a bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood). Infection can then localize in various tissues. The disease typically causes chronic inflammatory lesions in the reproductive organs which can cause abortions, infertility and low milk production. It may also localize in joints, leading to lameness. It’s important to note that swine brucellosis is potentially a zoonotic disease (people can contract it).
Following acute bacteremia, symptoms can vary depending on the area of localization. Common manifestations are abortion, temporary or permanent sterility, orchitis (swollen testicles), lameness, posterior paralysis, stillborn, mummified or weak piglets.
Swine brucellosis is usually spread mainly by ingestion of infected tissues (i.e. aborted fetuses, and other tissues of infected animals) or fluids (i.e. urine, semen). Infected boars may transmit the disease during mating. Treatment in affected animals is not curative. Disease prevention is the best approach since there is no vaccine or treatment for swine brucellosis.
Pig with nerve disorders, typical for pseudorabies
Pseudorabies
Pseudorabies is a disease of swine that can also affect cattle, dogs, cats, sheep, and goats. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a contagious herpes virus that causes reproductive problems, (abortion, stillbirths), respiratory problems and occasional deaths in breeding and finishing hogs. Infected newborn pigs may exhibit central nervous system clinical signs.
PRV is primarily spread through direct animal-to-animal (nose-to-nose) contact between an infected, shedding pig and a noninfected pig. It may also be spread by sexual contact. If present on inanimate objects, such as boots, clothing, feed, trucks, and equipment, the virus can also spread from herd to herd and farm to farm.
Symptoms of Pseudorabies: Clinical signs in pigs depend on the age of the affected animal. In piglets central nervous systems signs, incoordination, sneezing, coughing, and high mortality. In adult pigs coughing, fever, pneumonia, central nervous systems signs, and reproductive signs such as failure to breed, abortions, mummified piglets, stillbirths, and small litters. Adult pigs often have low mortality and the virus can remain hidden in the pig in a carrier state for long periods of time.
Pseudorabies can be prevented primarily through biosecurity, and sound management practices that include disease control and prevention. There is no treatment but antibiotic medications can control secondary bacterial infections. PRV vaccines are available, require USDA approval for use, and can be used to assist in outbreak response efforts.
Influenza A Virus in Swine (IAV-S)
There are three subtypes of influenza A viruses that are commonly found in United States swine: H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. Most of the influenza viruses that circulate in pigs are different from the ones that circulate in people. However, pigs may occasionally become infected by influenza viruses found in people or birds.
Pigs share influenza viruses the same way humans share influenza viruses, through close contact, coughing, and sneezing. It is also possible that contaminated objects (such as farming equipment) can spread the virus from infected animals to non-infected animals.
Influenza viruses are common in swine, usually causing a high rate of infection but few deaths. In many instances swine show no signs of illness. Animals typically begin getting sick 1–3 days after being infected with the virus.
Symptoms may include coughing or barking, sneezing, high fever, difficulty breathing, runny nose, not eating, or not wanting to get up and move around.
For IAV-S treatment and control: Vaccination prior to onset of illness with either commercially available influenza vaccines or autogenous influenza vaccines is often at least partially effective in reducing clinical signs and virus shedding. However, because these viruses can change rapidly, vaccination can sometimes fail to provide a satisfactory level of protection.
Exudative dermatitis (greasy pig)
The symptoms of this disease are skin lesions, caused by an infection of the bacteria Staphlococcus hyicus. In severe cases, mortality can occur, as the bacteria damage the liver and kidneys. Lesions first present as dark areas of skin, which spread and become flaky with a greasy feel. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection, along with skin protectants; autogenous vaccines have also been used with success. Improving hygiene in piglet housing is key to preventing this condition, along with teat dipping of sows pre- and post-farrowing. It is also important to reduce the potential for skin abrasions, as this is how the infection enters the body. Abrasions are caused by rough floors, jagged teeth, sharp equipment or even mange mites bites.
Coccidiosis
This disease is very common in suckling piglets and is caused by three types of the intracellular parasite coccidia. It causes diarrhea, which can be bloody, often between 10 and 21 days of age and up to 15 weeks of age. Acute cases are treated with fluid therapy and coccidiostats. Secondary infections can result from damage to the intestinal wall. Depending on the level of occurrence on the farm, preventative treatment of sows with coccidiostats may be appropriate. Hygiene should be improved to end the cycle of infection; sow feces are a major source, and flies can spread infection. Providing a warm, dry, clean creep area will help to reduce the parasite load and the likelihood of coccidial infection.
Swine dysentery
Animals with this disease suffer from diarrhea, with or without the presence of blood. It is caused by the bacteria Brachyspira hyodsenteriae. Growth rates of post-weaning pigs are reduced, and, in some cases, sudden death can occur. Antibiotics are used to treat the disease, either in feed, water or as an injectable. Reducing stocking density can be an effective way of reducing infection pressure and stress in the herd. As well as improving hygiene levels, rodent control is a high priority; rodents are a vector for this disease. The strategy for buying and introducing replacement stock should be reviewed, as this a major route of disease introduction.
Mastitis
Reduced milk production, loss of appetite and a higher body temperature are symptoms of mastitis in sows. It is caused by a bacterial infection of the mammary glands, where skin discoloration can be seen. Antibiotics, along with anti-inflammatory drugs are effective treatments. Oxytocin may be used to encourage let down of milk and corticosteroids can be prescribed. Hygiene in farrowing housing is important, along with nutrition during late pregnancy to promote immunity. Stress can also be a factor, and it is important to make sure that teats are not being damaged by sow housing facilities. This disease has a significant effect on productivity because of the potential effect of reducing the number of piglets weaned by sows.
Porcine parvovirus
If pregnant sows become infected with parvovirus (PPV), reproductive disease can occur, but not in all cases. If it does, most commonly in gilts, reproductive performance is significantly affected. Mummification and stillbirths occur, resulting in small litter sizes. Other reproductive diseases have the same symptoms so accurate diagnosis is essential. Unusually, the virus can survive outside the host for several months, making it endemic in most herds. Although it is only during pregnancy that PPV is a problem, other pigs can spread the virus. There are no treatments available; in order to prevent this disease routine vaccination of gilts is advisable.
Disease Prevention and Control
Pigs carry a wide range of infectious agents. Some may be unimportant, some harmful and potentially dangerous, and some to be kept out at all costs. It is important to implement biosecurity measures for the following reasons: economic impact, zoonotic diseases (diseases that are transmissible to humans), exotic and endemic diseases, spread of diseases, and stress and anxiety.
Prevention is the best practice since there is no treatment for classical swine fever other than supportive care. Pigs that recover may shed virus for varying periods of time, serving as an infection risk to unaffected contact pigs. CSF Vaccines are available, require USDA approval for use, and can be used to assist in outbreak response efforts.
Biosecurity of pigs at the farm level is the set of practical measures taken to prevent entrance of infection into a pig farm and control the spread of infection within that farm. The goal of a biosecurity program is to keep out pathogens that the herd has not been exposed to and to minimize the impact of endemic pathogens. Pig farm security can be defined as the planning and implementation of a program to minimize various types of risk that can have detrimental effects on the farmstead and pigs. Biosecurity and security procedures are intertwined to enhance the health and productivity of pigs.
Some biosecurity measures can be implemented in a pig farm are the following:
Locate the farm as far as possible from potential sources of infection including other farms, live animal markets, abattoirs and stockyards. A distance of at least one kilometres from any other pig farm is adequate.
Locate facilities (changing room, feed delivery and loading areas) that allow external transactions outside the pig area and equip them with appropriate cleaning and disinfection equipment and supplies.
Limit entry of people to the farm, especially those who deal a lot with pigs.
Start a farm with pigs of high-health status.
Buy pigs from a reliable breeder. Breeder farms should be inspected. The health status of the source herd should be reviewed to minimize the likely extent of imported diseases. Choose healthy pigs.
Group pigs according to age and weight. Only pigs with the same age or the same production stage should be housed in the same pen. id overcrowding to prevent the multiplication of pathogens in the farm.
Do not sell sick pigs.
Provide isolation pens to separate healthy and sick pigs. In large-scale farms, the isolation facility must be far from the rest of the herd and strategically located to prevent spread of disease through wind and surface drainage systems. The isolation pen must have an all-in/all-out policy.
Make the buildings in the pig area bird, bat and rodent-proof. To make the pig houses bird and bat-proof, install fine mesh netting or insect screen over gaps in the roof monitor and openings in the sidewalls. To make pig houses rodentproof, (i) cover posts with galvanized iron sheets, (ii) put zinc phosphide around the perimeter of the pig houses, and (iii) hire a professional exterminator who visits the farm on a monthly basis.
Ensure that feed and water supplies are free of pathogens.
Maintain good drainage.
Remove manure, debris, bedding and other organic materials and clean pens daily. The floor of the pen should be sloping to better manage waste water.
Regularly disinfect after thoroughly cleaning empty pens. Selected disinfectants can be used for the food production chain.
For herd health program, routinely test (once or twice a year) for economically important diseases such as classical swine fever, leptospirosis, parvovirus infection, porcine circovirus-associated diseases, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and pseudorabies.
Establish a herd health program including vaccination, deworming and medication, as prescribed by a veterinarian. Regularly revise the program to suit the current health constraints of the farm in consultation with and on the recommendation of a veterinarian.
Video Materials:
Recognition, Prevention and Control of Swine Diseases
References:
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/swine-disease-information
https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/health-and-care
https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/25841-most-common-pig-diseases-worldwide
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3190e.pdf
https://www.pig333.com/3tres3_common/art/pig333/14983/home.jpg?w=650&h=366&ho=1
https://www.aphis.usda.gov/wcm/connect/191bd161-1762-4839-91e1-47a81b701866/1/photo+9-360.jpg?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=
https://www.pigprogress.net/PageFiles/33181/3000x2000Aujeszky's%20Disease%20-%20Piglet.jpg
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https://www.pig333.com/3tres3_common/atlas/web/exudative-epidermitis_31.jpg
https://www.pig333.com/3tres3_common/art/pig333/4320/foto_home_33574.jpg
https://images.engormix.com/E_articles/2437_702.jpg
https://www.veterinariadigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/5409b1f6dd2b83e04c1e8efbe9440bd2a973363d.jpg
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B978012800946800012X-f12-05-9780128009468.jpg
Video Content:
Activity:
INSTRUCTION:
Each student can answer these questions individually.
You can create it in microsoft word application or in hand written form.
The file name of your output is always start with your Lastname_Firstname_Activity 10.docx
Put your output in the Activity 10 folder.
Pass your output in the google drive link below.
Question
In your perspective, what type of disease is the most dangerous? Choose one and explain why?
Self- Assessment:
Click on the link below to answer quiz 10.
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