Castles
By: Bria
By: Bria
Castles were developed during the High Middle Ages. This period was well known for its peace and prosperity, however, territories still had to be defended, and castles were built to serve this purpose. William The Conqueror invented one of the first castles in 1066 after taking control over England in the Battle of Hastings (Stokstad 61). The castle design was called the Motte and Bailey, a relatively easy-to-build fortification that had a tower enclosed by a wooden fence for the lord and a walled yard below (Stokstad 61).
2- A diagram of the Motte and Bailey castle design.
3- This is a scene depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry with William the Conqueror in the center. This piece of art explains the events leading up to the Norman Conquest in 1066 and was created during the 11th century.
4- Arundel Castle, a Norman Motte and Bailey made out of stone.
5- Portchester Castle, another example of an early stone fortification.
The castle William built was not only able to protect his soldiers and other military assets, but also symbolized strength for those who tried to occupy his territory. This became the main objective for the castles built after. As time went on, castles advanced in both their defense tactics and architecture to meet these objectives. The wood that was used for the Motte and Bailey design was replaced with resources like stone and brick to prevent burning, and more defensive tactics like hidden spear holes within gatehouses were added to the castle to make it stronger during battle (Medieval Castle). These developments helped to ensure not only the protection of a lord and his soldiers but also enabled castles to protect entire kingdoms.
Increased protection from castle development resulted in a higher level of maintenance being needed for the structure. To keep up with this maintenance, the castle's lords introduced the concept of feudalism, which was prevalent through the 9th-15th century (The Medieval Feudal System). This was an agreement made between the lord and those of a lower class, the lower class getting land in exchange for their labor within the structure. The existence of feudalism ushered in the expanse of social hierarchy between the castle workers. Each castle worker played a distinct part in ensuring that the castle was kept up to standards. Some of these workers were in charge of others and were responsible for the actions of their subordinates. Workers were split into different kinds of maintenance, such as domestic and administrative affairs (Life in a Medieval Castle-Officers & Servants in a Medieval Castle).
6- A group of workers, or "Serfs," who are taking care of castle land.
This meant that several jobs were available for the lower class, providing them with an opportunity to better their lives with the land they were given. Castles were a staple of Medieval European kingdoms. Not only were they depended upon for the protection of the people, but they were a representation of power and contribution among both the higher and lower classes of the Middle Ages.
Great Castles- Anatomy of a Castle: Discusses the different parts of Medieval castles and how they were used to defend the kingdom.
Discover Middle Ages—What is Feudalism in the Middle Ages: This article provides a detailed description and impact of feudalism in medieval castles.
The University of Chicago Press- An excerpt from " Castles, Battles, and Bombs": Explains the effect of castles on economics and warfare.