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McCaskie, T.C. “The Beginnings of European Activity.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 2 Dec. 2024, www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa/The-beginnings-of-European-activity.
National Geographic Society. “Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali).” Education, 19 Oct. 2023, education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/.
N.M. Cowries:
Cowrie Shells and Trade Power | National Museum of African American History and Culture,
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M.W. Tuyeres:
Childs, S. Terry. “Indigenous African Metallurgy: Nature and Culture.” Jstor, Jstor, 1993, www.jstor.org/stable/2155851?searchText=ancient+west+African+metallurgy&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dancient%2Bwest%2BAfrican%2Bmetallurgy%26so%3Drel%26efqs%3DeyJjdHkiOlsiYW05MWNtNWhiQT09Il19&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A0c76676177a787307d4ba8eb676ef97f&seq=3
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Miller, Duncan E. “Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research.” Jstor, Jstor, 1994, www.jstor.org/stable/182719?searchText=ancient+west+African+metallurgy&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dancient%2Bwest%2BAfrican%2Bmetallurgy%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Af9b6223cd6c03820b48895f89bbd78a6&seq=5.
“Mining and Metallurgy.” Edited by Pierre Damien Mvuyekure, Gale: Scholarly Resources for Learning and Research, Gale, 2004, go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Reference&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&retrievalId=64be5d12-00d0-4cea-8c5b-61e9f953806b&hitCount=3586&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3035500160&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=9781414444239&prodId=WHIC&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3035500160&searchId=R1&userGroupName=va_s_068_0330&inPS=true&aty=password.
M.A. Boat Building:
Abreu, K. D. (2022, August 9). Exploration mysteries: An early African voyage to the Americas?. Explorersweb. https://explorersweb.com/exploration-mysteries-an-early-african-voyage-to-the-americas/#:~:text=Both%20historians%20believe%20Abu%20Bakr,the%20empire%27s%20famous%20gold%20fields
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A.H. Mining and Trade:
Cartwright, Mark. “The Salt Trade of Ancient West Africa.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 29 Nov. 2023, www.worldhistory.org/article/1342/the-salt-trade-of-ancient-west-africa/. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
Gordon, David Frank, and Alan S. Mabin. “South Africa.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 22 Sept. 2024, www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Gold-mining. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
“Hidden Histories: West African Gold.” Colchester Museums, colchester.cimuseums.org.uk/westafricangold/#:~:text=In%20the%201400s%20and%201500s,West%20African%20Empires%20or%20kingdoms. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
Rosa, Luke. “The Trans-Saharan Gold-Salt Trade.” Students of History Teaching Resources, www.studentsofhistory.com/trans-saharan-trade. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
Wacera, Charity. “Shining through History: The Significance of Gold in West Africa.” Our Ancestories, 27 Oct. 2023, our-ancestories.com/blogs/news/shining-through-history-the-significance-of-gold-in-west-africa?srsltid=AfmBOop8w-s9Jx0TQFjyQn_33_VbWI10wuvPSARg8NwcjTqEqBPC55A. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
Zeftel, Julie. “Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa: Essay: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 1 Jan. 2001,
the%20eighth%20and%20ninth,the%20development%20of%20urban%20communities. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.
F.R. African Storytelling:
Abdul-Fattah, Hakimah. “How Griots Tell Legendary Epics through Stories and Songs in West Africa.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 20 Apr. 2020, www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/sahel-sunjata-stories-songs.
Ingov, Ivaylo. “African Storytelling.” ingoStudio, 31 Dec. 2023, ingostudio.com/storytelling/african-storytelling/.
Mora, Kai. “How Timbuktu Flourished during the Golden Age of Islam.” History.Com, A&E Television Networks, 6 June 2022, www.history.com/news/timbuktu-mali-africa-islam.
Robotham, Donald. “Musical Instruments.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 11 Oct. 2024, www.britannica.com/art/African-music/Musical-instruments.
Wacera, Charity. “Griots: Living Historians and Musicians of West Africa.” Our Ancestories, 6 Oct. 2023,
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B.F. Domestication of Camels:
Cartwright, Mark. “The Camel Caravans of the Ancient Sahara.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1344/the-camel-caravans-of-the-ancient-sahara/. Accessed 21 October 2024.
Cartwright, Mark. “The Empires of West Africa.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/61/the-empires-of-west-africa/. Accessed 21 October 2024.
Kulke, Stephanie. “Caravans of Gold Fragments in Time.” Northwestern Magazine, https://magazine.northwestern.edu/features/caravans-of-gold-fragments-in-time/. Accessed 23 October 2024.
Sherry, Bennett. “Trans-Saharan Trade Routes.” OER Project, https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit6/Trans-Saharan-Trade-Routes/1160L#:~:text=By%20the%20thirteenth%20century%2C%20it,center%20of%20learning%20and%20commerce. Accessed 28 October 2024.
Toler, Pamela. “How Desert Caravans Crossed the Sahara.” Wonders & Marvels,
https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit6/Trans-Saharan-Trade-
Routes/1160L#:~:text=By%20the%20thirteenth%20century%2C%20it,center%20of%20learning%20and%20commerce. Accessed 29 October 2024.